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2014
program professors and peers. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Linda Barnes for her time and efforts in assisting in the development of my work. Her long hours and support were essential throughout this journey. Her guidance enriched my work and enabled me to grow as a Medical Anthropologist. I am also grateful for Dr. Lance Laird's support, which was essential in establishing this study. He led me toward new directions and helped me explore and solidify important avenues of thought. Dr. Diane Weiner was also instrumental to this thesis, giving constant and lively encouragement during trying bureaucratic deliberations. Her matchless positive spirit was the best remedy for graduate weariness and life's challenges. Her compassion, thoughtfulness, and dedication for students and life will remain with me forever. During the end stages of this study, Dr. Bayla Ostrach provided insightful and supportive feedback at a moment's notice. She exhibited an endless dedication to her students and our work, always encouraging us. I give deepest thanks to the Ethiopian community of Boston, who welcomed me with kindness. I am grateful to all of those who took time out of their lives to participate in this study. Their efforts and abilities to accurately report details of past events and people were outstanding and essential to this study. I am thankful for the guidance, encouragement, and love of my family-Mom, Dad, Amber, Max, and Keegan. Lastly, and most affectionately, infinite thanks to Derek Wilson, who read, reread, and edited countless drafts of this thesis. I am enormously grateful for his steadfast support and companionship. v "WHO MINUS WHO": SUICIDE IN BOSTON'S ETHIOPIAN COMMUNITY
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020
Background: Ethiopian soldiers in the IDF comprise an at-risk group for suicide. The study investigated the unique characteristics of these soldiers, compared with other suicides in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Method: The research group included all (n = 36) male soldiers born an Ethiopian family, who died by suicide during their compulsory military service in the years 1990-2017. The control group included all (n = 55) non-Ethiopian soldiers who died by suicide during their military service in the years 2009-2013. Socio-demographic, military-service, and suicide-related variables were examined. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed that risk for suicide among Ethiopian soldiers were being incarcerated in a military prison, belonging to a bereaved family, seniority in the military service, and avoidance of help-seeking (explaining 87.8% of the variance). Discussion: Ethiopian suicide soldiers have endured heavy environmental pressure, such as financial problems and family bereavement. These circumstances could lead to conflict with the soldier's military service, resulting in absence from service or even imprisonment. When the Ethiopian soldier's distress goes un-expressed in words or actions with others, the psychological crisis signs remain unapparent to those around him, and the risk for eventual suicide is high. Limitations: The case analysis did not include retrieving information from family and relatives outside the military but was derived from archived material, collected primarily for legal purposes. This limitation was addressed by assembling objective variables and information collected prior to the suicide, along with postmortem information collected by mental health personnel in their assessments. 24). In the last decade, the suicide rate of young Ethiopians continued
International Criminal Justice Review, 2013
This qualitative research turns to 24 male members of the Ethiopian Jewish community living in Israel to probe their feelings and thoughts concerning the changes that have occurred to their traditions and community postmigration, and gain insight into the disproportionate rise in domestic murder and subsequent suicide committed by males in their community. During semistructured interviews conducted in Amharit, the interviewees opposed the dominant discourse that cast murder and suicide as pathologies resulting from Ethiopian males’ failure to assimilate. In a resistant discourse, they revealed the oppression and destruction of a cultural heritage and identity and their struggles to regain their family and community. Paradoxically, these men perceived the Israeli democratic system of law and order as discriminating against men, and as depriving the Ethiopian community of the basic right to choose its own traditions and spiritual leaders ( Kessim and Shmagaleh) who helped resolving ma...
2023
In contemporary African society, the rate at which people commit suicide increases daily. Committing suicide is one thing, and the purpose for committing suicide is another. In contemporary African settings, suicide has become a problematic phenomenon. Even more so because it does not fit into our value system. In order to solve the problem of suicide in contemporary African society, there is a great need to revisit our roots and trace our view on suicide, the value of life, the purpose of existence and respect for the human body. We would analyze how suicide can be minimized from an ethical perspective. To achieve our aim, it will adopt philosophical argumentation, use of texts and prescriptive methods of philosophical inquiry. We are going to do conceptual clarification on the concept of suicide from the western and African purview. We will also do a comparative analysis of both the western and African concepts of suicide. There is a necessity for us also to adopt the critical appraisal of the concept of suicide. We are also going to employ the prescriptive methodology during this research.
This conceptual review focuses on deepening the cultural perspective on suicidal behaviour and suicide prevention using a specific cultural group (the Yorùbá) as a paradigmatic example. We examine the social/cultural cognitions in Yorùbá that are ingrained in concepts of dishonour, shame, and masculine ethos, and the way these may contribute to the phenomenology of suicidal behaviours in Yorùbá communities. We also addressed the limitations of some widely accepted frameworks in suicide research, in particular, the emphasis on neurobiological conditions as risk factor for suicidal behaviour and the focus on hopelessness as a specific (social) cognition that leads to suicidal volition. Lessons learnt include the possibility of specific "culture-bound" cognitive motivators for suicidal behaviours among the Yorùbá which may be unrecognised but potentially rewarding focus of cognitivebehavioural therapy and other prevention strategies. A general need for contextualised application of universal suicidology research findings when working in specific socio-cultural milieu is emphasised.
The American Historical Review, 2010
IN THE EXTENSIVE LITERATURE on the history of suicide, the societies of the African continent barely feature, except in brief discussions of folk beliefs and practices. 1 A simple explanation for the relative lack of attention given to this issue is that historically African societies have been assumed to have very low rates of suicide. But that assumption itself needs historicizing. The statistical evidence for suicide in most African countries is extremely weak, and longitudinal data is almost nonexistent, so while there are reasons to suggest the need for a reevaluation of suicide rates in Africa, it is not currently possible to provide one. However, the intellectual history of suicide in Africa can shed light on the issue, as can some evidence from the British colony of Nyasaland (now Malawi) in the late colonial period. In contemporary southern and eastern Africa, concerns over apparently rising suicide rates are being expressed both by mental health professionals and in the popular press. It is tempting to argue that these parts of Africa are experiencing the equivalent of the intensification of anxiety about suicide that surfaced periodically in early modern and nineteenth-century Europe-a kind of "moral panic." 2 As in This research forms part of a larger, collaborative study, "Death in Africa: A History c1800 to Present Day," funded by the Arts and Humanities Council of the United Kingdom. I am extremely grateful to the AHRC and to my colleagues on that project:
1966
Suicide is increasingly becoming a major public health issue. Each year over one million people die by suicide worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that suicide is the thirteenth leading cause of death worldwide (Gross 2006) and the National Safety Council rates death by suicide eleventh in the United States (Minino and Heron 2006). It is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35 (Nikola 2006). The rate of completed suicide is higher in men than in women (O’Connor and Noel 2000). It is estimated that workforce-related suicides cost businesses as much as $13 billion annually (Research! America 2008) and for every suicide prevented, the United States could save an average of $3,875 in medical expenses and $1,178,684 in lost productivity (Research! America 2008). Caucasians are twice as likely as African Americans to complete suicide. The rate of suicide is growing faster among African American youth than among Caucasian youth (American Association of S...
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 1997
African-American suicide rates have traditionally been lower than White rates despite a legacy of racial discrimination, persistent poverty, social isolation, and lack of community resources. This paper focuses on four issues: (1) patterns and trends of Black suicide across the lifespan; (2) risk and protective factors in subgroups of Blacks; (3) the influence of cultural factors on suicide patterns of Blacks; and (4) implications of these patterns for prevention and early intervention of suicidal behavior among African Americans. Risk factors for Black suicide include: male sex, early adulthood, substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, family or interpersonal conflict, antisocial behavior, and homosexuality. Protective factors that mitigate the risks of suicide include religiosity, older age, southern residence, and social support. Implications for preventive policies and programs are discussed to counter the recent trend of rising suicide rates among adolescents and very elderly Blacks.
2021
Background Suicide rates among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel (EI) are relatively high. This study sought to identify suicide-risk factors in this population in order to suggest some potentially preventive measures to mental health policymakers who are struggling to prevent suicide among EI. Method Nationwide age-adjusted suicide rates were calculated for EI, Former Soviet Union immigrants (FSUI) and Israeli-born (IB) Jews by age, gender, and year of death and, for EI, by marital status and immigration period in the years 1985–2017 (1990–2017 for FSUI). Results Age-adjusted suicide rates for the period 1990–2017 confirmed the significantly higher rate among EI––3.1 times higher than for FSUI and 4.1 times higher than for IB. Similar rates were obtained for both genders, within each age group, and in all study years. Comparable male/female rate ratios were found among EI and IB (3.3, 3.6, respectively). Over the years of the study, only among the Ethiopian immigrants were there large...
Recent figures point to alarming rates of suicidal tendencies and risk behaviors among Ethiopian adolescents (first and second generation) in Israel. This study tries to understand this phenomenon through an examination of the relationship between ethnic identity (Israeli and Ethiopian) and parental support with suicidal ideation and alcohol use. Two hundred adolescents aged 15-18 years from the Ethiopian community in Israel completed questionnaires examining the degree to which they felt a sense of (positive) Israeli and Ethiopian identity and parental support as well as suicidal ideation, drinking behavior, and depression. Results showed significant correlations between both Israeli and Ethiopian identities and suicidal ideation and alcohol use and a significant relationship between suicidal ideation and parental support. Regression analysis highlighted the pivotal role of a strong and positive heritage (Ethiopian) identity in lower levels of suicidal ideation and alcohol use. Results suggest the important role of ethnic identity for well-being among immigrant and minority youth, in particular in the ability of minority youth to consolidate a coherent ethnic identity incorporating a positive connection to their heritage culture as providing a protective role against suicidal tendencies and risk behaviors.
Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine
From the Latin American modernity/coloniality project, we address the inhospitality of the modern/colonial and globally designed world-system in relation to suicidality. In our vernacular Spanglish, guided by epistemological disobedience, and responding to epistemicide, we interpellate ourselves to unmask the hidden colonial structures of power of modernity’s global design on suicide knowledge. Our intent is to argue, specifically from the perspective of coloniality and our racialized, gendered, and monetized bodies, that suicide is rather an extension of modernity’s colonial genocide. From the decolonial geo and body-politics of knowledge, our discussion on modernity’s Eurocentric rhetoric on suicide departs from the materialization of suicidality in our flesh. We story experiences of our bodies with life and pleas of death, within the context of our immigrant backgrounds, and as family therapists in the United States (U.S.). We adopt autopsy as an analogy from where to advance suc...
Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 2011
There are a growing number of Somali refugees resettling in the United States. Frequently these immigrants have experienced significant stress both in their home country premigration and during the resettlement process. Best practices require that practitioners engage in culturally responsive ways to deal with cultural differences; social workers should strive toward building a practice that is culturally informed.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1999
4clo P s~i h i u t r Scund I Y 9 Y : 100: 65 69 Prinlcrl in UK. AN rights rrscrvrd Copjright ( Munk\guurd I Y Y Y ACTA P S Y C H I A I R I C A SCANDINA VICA ISSN 0902-4441 ~~~ Awareness and attitudes of a rural Ethiopian community toward suicidal behaviour A key informant study in Butajira, Ethiopia Alem A, Jacobsson L, Kebede D, Kullgren G. Awareness and attitudes of a rural Ethiopian community toward suicidal behaviour. A key informant study in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1999: 100: 65-69. 0 Munksgaard 1999
Journal of Pan-African Studies, 2014
Death Studies
Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author's name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pagination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award.
Transcultural Psychiatry, 2011
This qualitative study investigated attitudes and cultural responses to suicide among the Baganda in Uganda using both focus group discussions and key-informant interviews. Interviews indicate that suicide is perceived as dangerous to the whole family and the entire community. Communities and family members adopt various ritual practices to distance themselves both symbolically and socially from the suicide. These rituals are characterized by broad themes: the regulation of affect and the attempt to secure future generations.
2013
The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. 2013. "Ethiopian Lives and Liturgies." Harvard Divinity Bulletin 41(3&4).
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 2022
The present study assessed the prevalence of and factors associated with suicide attempts among adult Eritrean refugees in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among adult refugees from February 2020 to April 2020. The exposure variables included socio-demographic, clinically related, and psychosocial characteristics, and substance use-related factors. We included 400 participants and recruited them via a systematic random sampling technique. The study participants were between 18 and 60 years old. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. We applied bivariable and multivariable logistic regression to determine predictors for suicide attempts. Multicollinearity was checked to test correlations among predictor variables, and the Hosmer and Lemeshow test (p>0.2) was conducted to check the fitness of the model. Odds ratios and p-values were determined to check the associations between variables, and a p-value <0.05 was considered as a cutoff for statistical significance. Results: The prevalence of suicide attempts was 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8%, 9.8%). Having current symptoms of trauma (AOR=5.6, 95% CI: 2.1, 14.9), a family history of mental disorder (AOR=3.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 9.07), a history of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.01, 7.4), and severe hopelessness (AOR=3.9, 95% CI: 1.3, 12.7) were significantly associated with suicide attempts. Conclusion: This study showed that during the stay in the refugee camp, there was a high prevalence of suicide attempts compared to the prevalence of suicide attempts among the general populations of Ethiopia, Europe, and China, and the lifetime pooled prevalence across 17 countries. Current symptoms of trauma, PTSD, a family history of mental illness, and hopelessness were the factors statistically associated with the suicide attempt. Early screening, detection, and management of suicidal behavior, as well as appropriate mental healthcare, are warranted in refugee camps to reduce the number of suicide attempts.
2024
This thesis delves into the nuanced interplay between individual agency and communal responsibilities in addressing suicide, with a particular focus on suicide prevention within African Communitarian Societies (ACS), notably examining the Basotho culture as a case study. The study aims to fill the gap in the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of how cultural practices, social structures, and traditional healing modalities within ACS contribute to suicide resilience and suicide prevention. The significance of this study lies in its exploration of limited communitarianism as a guiding framework for understanding and addressing suicide issues within ACS. Drawing on a wide range of sources, the research illuminates the intricate dynamics between individual autonomy and communal well-being in the context of suicide. Key arguments in the study revolve around the communal practices of the Basotho people, which serve as a testament to their understanding of suicide and well-being as collective responsibilities. The study underscores the significance of integrating cultural sensitivity and community engagement into suicide prevention strategies, advocating for the respect of both individual autonomy and communal responsibilities. In this thesis, I seek to argue that Limited Communitarianism is a viable framework that helps understand the idea of suicide better; hence, suicide is not just an individual act or issue but goes beyond to being a communal one. With this theory, it can be seen that the individual’s rights and dignity are advocated for since limited communitarianism takes each person’s individuality seriously and accords the right to determine their own actions.
Global Mental Health, 2019
Background. Suicide is a major global health concern. Bhutanese refugees resettled in the USA are disproportionately affected by suicide, yet little research has been conducted to identify factors contributing to this vulnerability. This study aims to investigate the issue of suicide of Bhutanese refugee communities via an in-depth qualitative, social-ecological approach. Methods. Focus groups were conducted with 83 Bhutanese refugees (adults and children), to explore the perceived causes, and risk and protective factors for suicide, at individual, family, community, and societal levels. Audio recordings were translated and transcribed, and inductive thematic analysis conducted. Results. Themes identified can be situated across all levels of the social-ecological model. Individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are only fully understood when considering past experiences, and stressors at other levels of an individual’s social ecology. Shifting dynamics and conflict within the family are pervasive and challenging. Within the community, there is a high prevalence of suicide, yet major barriers to communicating with others about distress and suicidality. At the societal level, difficulties relating to acculturation, citizenship, employment and finances, language, and literacy are influential. Two themes cut across several levels of the ecosystem: loss; and isolation, exclusion, and loneliness. Conclusions. This study extends on existing research and highlights the necessity for future intervention models of suicide to move beyond an individual focus, and consider factors at all levels of refugees’ social-ecology. Simply focusing treatment at the individual level is not sufficient. Researchers and practitioners should strive for community-driven, culturally relevant, socio-ecological approaches for prevention and treatment.
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