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2000, Journal of Applied Physics
We have measured the anisotropic magnetoresistance of Fe films exchange coupled to antiferromagnetic MnF2 layers. Exchange bias and coercivity obtained from magnetoresistance are in close agreement with superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry data. In addition the magnetoresistance reveals an asymmetry in the magnetization reversal process, despite the fact that the magnetization hysteresis loops show little shape asymmetry. These results correlate well with an earlier study of magnetization reversal asymmetry by polarized neutron reflectometry. The data imply that the magnetization reverses by coherent rotation on one side of the loop and by nucleation and propagation of domain walls on the other.
Physical Review B, 2002
The angular dependence of the magnetic anisotropy of exchange biased Fe/MnF 2 bilayers was measured. Below the Néel temperature of the antiferromagnetic MnF 2 layer, an exchange anisotropy is observed which consists of unidirectional, uniaxial, threefold and fourfold symmetry components. The threefold exchange anisotropy term is responsible for the asymmetric magnetization reversal process recently observed in this system.
Physical Review Letters, 2001
MnF 2 ͞Fe bilayers exhibit asymmetric magnetization reversal that occurs by coherent rotation on one side of the loop and by nucleation and propagation of domain walls on the other side of the loop. Here, we show by polarized neutron reflectometry, magnetization, and magnetotransport measurements that for samples with good crystalline "quality" the rotation is a two-stage process, due to coherent rotation to a stable state perpendicular to the cooling field direction. The result is remarkably asymmetrically shaped hysteresis loops.
Physical Review B, 2008
We measured directly the depth-dependent Fe spin rotation upon magnetization reversal in exchangecoupled Fe/ MnF 2 bilayers using nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation from an 57 Fe-probe layer buried at different depths within the Fe film. Our results show that the exchange-biased ferromagnetic layer develops a noncollinear spin structure along the film normal direction, reminiscent of a partial domain wall parallel to the Fe/ MnF 2 interface. This is contrary to most theoretical models of exchange bias which assume a collinear spin structure in the ferromagnetic layer.
Physical Review B, 2001
Polarized neutron reflectometry is used to measure the thermal response of the net-magnetization vector of polycrystalline ferromagnetic ͑F͒ Fe films exchange coupled to twinned (110) MnF 2 antiferromagnetic ͑AF͒ layers. We observe a strong correlation between the temperature dependencies of the net sample magnetization perpendicular to the applied field at coercivity and exchange bias. For cooling field and measurement conditions involving magnetization reversal via rotation, we find a range of temperature dependencies. For the smoothest F-AF interface, the temperature dependence of exchange bias compares well to a Sϭ 5 2 Brillouin function-an observation predicted by some theoretical models. This temperature dependence is expected for the sublattice magnetization and the square root of the anisotropy constant ͱK 1 of bulk MnF 2. In contrast, for a rough F-AF interface the magnetization reversal process ͑and exchange bias͒ showed little temperature dependence up to temperatures approaching the AF Néel point-a clear consequence of increasing interfacial disorder in a F-AF epitaxial system.
Physical Review Letters, 2005
The magnetization reversal in exchange-biased ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic (FM-AFM) bilayers is investigated. Different reversal pathways on each branch of the hysteresis loop, i.e., asymmetry, are obtained both experimentally and theoretically when the magnetic field is applied at certain angles from the anisotropy direction. The range of angles and the magnitude of this asymmetry are determined by the ratio between the FM anisotropy and the interfacial FM-AFM exchange anisotropy. The occurrence of asymmetry is linked with the appearance of irreversibility, i.e., finite coercivity, as well as with the maximum of exchange bias, increasing for larger anisotropy ratios. Our results indicate that asymmetric hysteresis loops are intrinsic to exchange-biased systems and the competition between anisotropies determines the asymmetric behavior of the magnetization reversal.
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2002
We study magnetic hysteresis loops after field cooling of a CoO/Co bilayer by MOKE and polarized neutron reflectivity. The neutron scattering reveals that the first magnetization reversal after field cooling is dominated by domain wall movement, whereas all subsequent reversals proceed essentially by rotation of the magnetization. In addition, off-specular diffuse scattering indicates that the first magnetization reversal induces an irreversible change of the domain state in the antiferromagnet. r
The European Physical Journal B, 2005
We report on the magnetization reversal in series of exchange-biased multilayers NiFe(10.0 nm)/[Ir20Mn80(6.0 nm)/Co80Fe20(3.0 nm)]N studied by specular reflection and off-specular scattering of polarized neutrons. All specimens are sputtered and post-annealed at 530 K (i.e. above the IrMn Néel temperature of 520 K) in Ar atmosphere before cooling to room temperature in the presence of a field of 130 Oe which induces the unidirectional anisotropy. We find HEB is dependent upon the number of bilayers N as it gradually increases from 0.33 kOe for N = 1 to a considerably higher value of upto ≈0.9 kOe for N = 10. X-ray specular and diffuse scattering data reveal no significant variation of the lateral correlation length and only a weak dependence of the vertical rms interface roughness on N . Atomic and magnetic force microscopy, however, show a strong reduction of the grain size accompanied by distinct changes of the ferromagnetic domain structure. The enhancement of the exchange bias effect is presumably related to the shrinking of the related domain size in the antiferromagnet due to the structural evolution in the multilayers. Polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) measurements are done at different applied fields sweeping both branches of the hysteresis loop. The spin-flip (SF) cross section of both the N = 10 and 3 samples show diffusely scattered intensity appears gradually as the field approaches HEB and is most intense where the net magnetization vanishes. The disappearance of diffuse scattering in saturation indicates that the off-specular intensity is related to the reversal process. The reversal proceeds sequentially starting with the bottom (top) CoFe layer for decreasing (increasing) field and is related to the evolution of the grain size along the stack. The reversal of each CoFe layer is for both field branches due to domain wall motion. Thus as a main result, we observe a sequential and symmetric magnetization reversal in exchangebiased multilayers. The concomitant in-plane magnetization fluctuations revealed by off-specular spin-flip scattering indicate a more complex reversal mechanism than hitherto considered. Moreover, although the grain size decreases from N = 3 to 10 by a factor of about four the reversal mechanism remains similar.
Applied Physics Letters, 2005
A detailed study of exchange-biased Fe∕MnF2 bilayers using magneto-optical Kerr effect shows that the magnetization reversal occurs almost fully through domain wall nucleation and propagation for external fields parallel to the exchange-bias direction. For finite angles ϕ between bias and external field, the magnetization is aligned perpendicular to the cooling-field direction for a limited field range for decreasing fields. For external fields perpendicular to the bias direction, the magnetization aligns with the cooling-field direction for descending and ascending fields before fully reversing. The field range for which the magnetization is close to perpendicular to the external field can be estimated using a simple effective-field model.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2005
The asymmetry of the magnetization reversal process in exchange biased Fe/FeF2 has been studied by magneto-optical Kerr effect. Qualitatively different transverse magnetization loops are observed for different directions of the cooling and the measuring field. These loops can be simulated by a simple calculation of the total energy density which includes the relevant magnetic anisotropies and coherent magnetization rotation only. Asymmetric magnetization reversal is shown to originate from the unidirectional anisotropy and may be observed if the external measuring field is not collinear with either the exchange bias or the easy axis of the antiferromagnetic epitaxial FeF2(110) layer.
Applied Physics Letters, 2011
Positively and negatively exchange biased (PEB and NEB) magnetoresistance (MR) loops in Ni/FeF2 ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (AF) heterostructures proceed through the same reversal mechanisms. The MR curves exhibit mirror symmetry: the increasing (decreasing) field branch of the PEB (NEB) loop is identical to the decreasing (increasing) branch of the NEB (PEB) loop, suggesting that the interfacial areal density of pinned uncompensated AF spins responsible for PEB and NEB is similar. Micromagnetic simulations are in agreement with experimental results and imply the coexistence of EB domains of opposite sign for all cooling fields, which results in a reversal mechanism not previously reported.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2013
Magnetization reversal asymmetry in [Co/Pt]/CoFe/IrMn multilayers with enhanced perpendicular exchange bias J. Appl. Phys. 113, 033901 Delayed magnetic vortex core reversal Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 012404 Thermally assisted spin-transfer torque magnetization reversal in uniaxial nanomagnets Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 262401 (2012) Thick CoFeB with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB-MgO based magnetic tunnel junction AIP Advances 2, 042182 Additional information on J. Appl. Phys.
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2003
We report on magnetic tunnel junctions entirely made up of mixedvalence manganites, La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 /La 0.45 Ca 0.55 MnO 3 /La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 . In heteroepitaxial junctions, the different Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ mixed-valence ratios can modulate the ground states throughout the trilayer, i.e. ferromagnetic metal/antiferromagnetic insulator/ferromagnetic metal. Interestingly, the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of the device persists up to a higher temperature (T /T C 0.75, where T C is the Curie temperature) as compared to the case for equivalent non-manganite barrier junctions. The enhanced TMR at high temperatures in the present junction is discussed in relation to the properties of the unique interface between the metallic ferromagnet and the antiferromagnetic tunnel barrier, such as the interfacial bonding coherence and a magnetic interlayer coupling.
Applied Physics Letters, 2013
Journal of Applied Physics, 2004
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 2011
The phenomenology of exchange bias effects observed in structurally single-phase alloys and compounds but composed of a variety of coexisting magnetic phases such as ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, spin-glass, clusterglass, disordered magnetic states are reviewed. The investigations on exchange bias effects are discussed in diverse types of alloys and compounds where qualitative and quantitative aspects of magnetism are focused based on macroscopic experimental tools such as magnetization and magnetoresistance measurements. Here, we focus on improvement of fundamental issues of the exchange bias effects rather than on their technological importance.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2015
We report on thin film bilayers of the antiferromagnetic Heusler compound Ru 2 MnGe and Fe, as well as the resulting exchange bias field at low temperatures and its temperature dependence. Epitaxial Ru 2 MnGe/Fe bilayers show an exchange bias field up to 680 Oe at 3 K. For increasing temperatures, a linearly decreasing exchange bias field is found, which vanishes at 130 K. Furthermore, we grew polycrystalline Ru 2 MnGe showing an exchange bias field up to 540 Oe, which vanishes around 30 K. By adding a very thin intermediate layer of Mn, the exchange bias field for polycrystalline samples has been increased by about 40%. We discuss differences between the epitaxial and polycrystalline films regarding magnetic and crystallographic properties and compare our results to already published work on this system. V
Physical Review B, 2002
We present an investigation of the effect of ferromagnetic layer thickness on the exchange bias and coercivity enhancement in antiferromagnet/ferromagnet bilayers. At low temperatures both the exchange bias and coercivity closely follow an inverse thickness relationship, contrary to several recent theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the coercivity as a function of the ferromagnet thickness provides clear evidence for the existence of two distinct regimes. These regimes were probed with conventional magnetometry, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and polarized neutron reflectometry. At low thickness the coercivity exhibits a monotonic temperature dependence, whereas at higher thickness a broad maximum occurs in the vicinity of the Ne ´el temperature. These regimes are delineated by a particular ratio of the ferromagnet to antiferromagnet thickness. We propose that the ratio of the anisotropy energies in the two layers determines whether the coercivity is dominated by the ferromagnetic layer itself or the interaction of the ferromagnetic layer with the antiferromagnet.
Applied Physics Letters, 2005
A detailed study of exchange-biased Fe/MnF 2 bilayers using magneto-optical Kerr Effect shows that the magnetization reversal occurs almost fully through domain wall nucleation and propagation for external fields parallel to the exchange bias direction.
Journal of Magnetics
Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometry was used to investigate magnetization reversal dynamics in 30-nm NiFe/15-nm FeMn, 15-nm FeMn/30-nm CoFe bilayers, and 30-nm NiFe/(2,10)-nm FeMn/30-nm CoFe trilayers. The in-plane magnetization components of each ferromagnetic layer, both parallel and perpendicular to the applied field, were separately determined by measuring the longitudinal and transverse MOKE hysteresis loops from both the front and back sides of the film for an oblique incident s-polarized beam. The magnetization of the FeMn/CoFe bilayer was reversed abruptly and symmetrically through nucleation and domain wall propagation, while that of the NiFe/FeMn bilayer was reversed asymmetrically with a dominant rotation. In the NiFe/FeMn/CoFe trilayers, the magnetic reversal of the two ferromagnetic layers proceeded via nucleation and domain wall propagation for 2-nm FeMn, but via asymmetric rotation for 10-nm FeMn. The exchange-biased ferromagnetic layers showed the magnetization reversal along the same path in the film plane for the decreasing and increasing field branches from transverse MOKE hysteresis loops, which can be qualitatively explained by the theoretical model of the exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic systems.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2007
We have investigated the magnetization reversal for exchange coupled polycrystalline [IrMn/CoFe]N multilayers. Polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) data indicate a simultaneous coherent rotation of all ferromagnetic layers for a sample with N =10 and angles of 45° and 90° between the applied field and the exchange bias direction. On the other hand, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements, which are sensitive mainly to the two topmost bilayers, reveal a variation of the strength of the exchange bias and the uniaxial anisotropy as a function of N for multilayers with N =1 up to 10. The MOKE data thus indicate the direction of the magnetization to vary from layer to layer for intermediate fields. PNR was found to be insensitive to this variation as the deviation of the layer magnetization directions from its mean value is relatively small (≈10°). These studies demonstrate how the complementary techniques PNR and MOKE can be used to obtain a layer-by-layer vector magnetometry of multilayer stacks.
Applied Physics Letters, 2013
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2012
We report a detailed investigation of the magnetization reversal by minor loops in Co 75 Fe 25 (t) single layer and Ir 22 Mn 78 (10 nm)/CoFe(t) exchange-biased bilayers with different CoFe thicknesses. With increasing CoFe layer thickness in IrMn/CoFe bilayers, the magnetization reversal process shows a transition from the coherent rotation to the domain-wall motion, which is attributed to the competition among the antiferromagnetic domain wall energy, ferromagnetic domain wall energy, and the interface coupling between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic layers.
Applied Physics Letters, 2006
The asymmetric magnetization reversal in exchange biased Fe/MnF 2 involves coherent (Stoner-Wohlfarth) magnetization rotation into an intermediate, stable state perpendicular to the applied field. We provide here experimentally tested analytical conditions for the unambiguous observation of both longitudinal and transverse magnetization components using the magneto-optical Kerr effect. This provides a fast and powerful probe of coherent magnetization reversal as well as its chirality. Surprisingly, the sign and asymmetry of the transverse magnetization component of Fe/MnF 2 change with the angle between cooling and measurement fields.
Physical Review B, 2004
The magnetization reversal in ͓Ir 20 Mn 80 /Co 80 Fe 20 ͔ 10 exchange-biased multilayers is studied by specular reflection and off-specular scattering of polarized neutrons. The reversal proceeds sequentially starting with the bottom (top) CoFe layer for decreasing (increasing) field due to the evolution of the grain size along the stack. Each CoFe layer remagnetizes symmetrically for both field branches in a nonuniform mode. Concomitant in-plane magnetization fluctuations revealed by off-specular spin-flip scattering indicate a more complex reversal mechanism than hitherto considered.
Applied Physics Letters, 2007
Published by the American Institute of Physics.
Physical Review Letters, 2003
Experimentally an asymmetry of the reversal modes has been found in certain exchange bias systems. From a numerical investigation of the domain state model evidence is gained that this effect depends on the angle between the easy axis of the antiferromagnet and the applied magnetic field. Depending on this angle the ferromagnet reverses either symmetrically, e. g. by a coherent rotation on both sides of the loop, or the reversal is asymmetric with a non uniform reversal mode for the ascending branch, which may even yield a zero perpendicular magnetization. PACS numbers: 75.70.Cn, 75.40.Mg, 75.50.Lk, For compound materials consisting of a ferromagnet (FM) in contact with an antiferromagnet (AFM) a shift of the hysteresis loop along the magnetic field axis can occur which is called exchange bias (EB). Often, this shift is observed after cooling the entire system in an external magnetic field below the Néel temperature T N of the AFM (for a review see ). The role of the AFM is to provide at the interface a net magnetization which is stable during reversal of the FM consequently shifting the hysteresis loop. The key for understanding EB is to understand this stability.
Applied Physics Letters, 2007
Magnetization reversal via rotation is typical in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet exchange biased systems. The reversibility of the rotation is a manifestation of the microscopic reversal process. The authors have investigated the magnetization reversal in Fe/epitaxial-FeF2 thin films using vector magnetometry and first-order reversal curves. The reversal is predominantly by rotation as the applied field makes an angle with the antiferromagnet spin axis, mostly irreversible at small angles and reversible at larger angles. A modified Stoner-Wohlfarth model reproduces the overall trend of the irreversibility evolution. The remaining discrepancies between the modeled and measured irreversibilities may be attributed to local incomplete domain walls. (