Agricultural Economics

The Routledge Handbook of Neoliberalism seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of neoliberalism by examining the range of ways that it has been theorized, promoted, critiqued, and put into practice in a variety of geographical locations and institutional frameworks. Neoliberalism is easily one of the most powerful discourses to emerge within the social sciences in the last two decades, and the number of scholars who write about this dynamic and unfolding process of socio-spatial transformation is astonishing. Even more surprising though is that there has, until now, not been an attempt to provide a wide-ranging volume that engages with the multiple registers in which neoliberalism has evolved. The Handbook of Neoliberalism accordingly serves as an essential guide to this vast intellectual landscape. With proposed contributions from over 50 leading authors, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will offer a systematic overview of neoliberalism’s origins, political implications, social tensions, spaces, natures and environments, and aftermaths in addressing ongoing and emerging debates. Numerous books have been published on neoliberalism, including important edited volumes, but none of these contributions have attempted to bring the diverse scope and wide-ranging coverage that we plan to incorporate here. Most of the edited volumes and monographs on neoliberalism that have been published to date have a very specific thematic focus, either on particular empirical case studies, or alternatively attempt to wrestle with a specific theoretical concern. In contrast, the Routledge Handbook of Neoliberalism aims to provide the first comprehensive overview of the field.

With authors working at institutions around the world, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will offer a thorough examination of how neoliberalism is understood by social scientists working from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. Our goal is to advance the established and emergent debates in a field that has grown exponentially over the past two decades, coinciding with the meteoric rise of neoliberalism as a hegemonic ideology, state form, policy and program, and governmentality. In short, the Handbook of Neoliberalism will intervene by both outlining how theorizations of neoliberalism have evolved and by exploring new research agendas that we hope will inform policy making and activism. The Handbook of Neoliberalism will include a substantive introductory chapter and seven main thematic sections. By presenting a comprehensive examination of the field, this edited volume will serve as an invaluable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scholars alike. We envision the book as both a teaching guide and a reference for human geographers, anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, heterodox economists, and others working on questions of neoliberalism and its multifarious effects.

This volume presents an introduction and nine papers by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing methods of analysing the organisation and performance of the agrarian sector of the economy of the Mediterranean world under Roman imperial rule in the period c. 100 BC to AD 350. The papers exemplify a range of possible approaches to studying and, within limits, quantifying aspects of agricultural production in the Roman world, and casting light on the structure and performance of that sector of the economy, on the basis of widely different sources of evidence – historical, papyrological and archaeological. The volume aims to move substantially beyond the simple assumption that agriculture was the dominant sector of the ancient economy, and to explore what was special and distinctive about the Roman economy in terms, for example, of state involvement and institutional infrastructure, or the phenomenon of market-oriented surplus production based around the villa system. What is especially new and distinctive about this book is its focus on marshalling a large quantity of evidence, both archaeological and documentary, to address large questions of the structure and performance of the agricultural economy of the Roman world. In particular, it offers a means of analysing investment in agricultural facilities, and tracks variation in patterns across time and across regions within the empire.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

Global food security is vulnerable due to massive growth of the human population, changes in global climate, the emergence of novel/more virulent pathogens, and demands from increasingly discerning consumers for chemical-free, sustainably produced food products. Bacterium- based biological control agents (BCAs), if used as part of an integrated management system, may satisfy the above demands. We focus on the advantages, limitations, problems, and challenges involved in such strategies.

Rantai pasok daging sapi (beef supply chain) global menjadi salah satu komponen yang strategis di dalam pemenuhan pangan dan sistem logistik daging sapi nasional. Pada saat ini industri daging sapi, atau rantai pasok daging sapi nasional, dihadapkan pada lingkungan pasar global yang sangat kompetitif. Oleh sebab itu, tuntutan terhadap Indonesia untuk menyelaraskan diri terhadap berbagai norma dan regulasi perdagangan internasional semakin diperlukan. Khususnya untuk komoditas perdagangan sapi potong, isu-isu mengenai kepuasan dan kepercayaan konsumen atas atribut-atribut non ekonomi, seperti keamanan pangan, kemamputelusuran (traceability) dan kesejahteraan hewan (animal welfare) semakin intensif dikemukakan diberbagai forum. bahwa kondisi RPH saat ini berjumlah sekitar 800 RPH. Dari jumlah ini, baru 25 RPH direvitalisasi yang memiliki NKV (Nomor Kontrol Veteriner), ditargetkan pada tahun 2012 yang akan memiliki NKV dan bertaraf internasional 150 RPH dan 11 RPH yang telah diaudit oleh lembaga independent Auditor. Standarisasi RPH pemerintah di Jawa Barat dapat dilakukan sesuai dengan dengan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor: 381/Kpts/OT.140/10/2005 tentang Pedoman Sertifikasi Kontrol Veteriner, dan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No. 13/Permentan/OT.140/1/2010 tentang Persyaratan Rumah Potong Hewan Ruminansia dan Unit Penanganan Daging serta SNI tentang rumah potong hewan No. 01-6159-1999. Selain itu, kondisi social budaya masyarakat perlu dijadikan pertimbangkan dalam melakukan standarisasi.

Archaeology seems to support the idea of widespread Minoan trading contacts and a significant number of Minoan colonies. The distribution of the place name “Minoa” in the Aegean and in the eastern and central Mediterranean also appears to imply Minoan colonies. However, we must not forget that it was the famed archaeologist Arthur Evans who gave the Minoan civilization its name. It is possible that the Minoans went by a different name entirely. If the Bronze Age Cretan king was known as “Minos”,  it is quite possible that the king’s colonies were named “Minoa” after him, but this is just speculation.

An extensive background overview on the use of agricultural residues (wastes) for production of paper, board, binderless board, energy, different types of fuels by pyrolysis (solid, liquid and gaseous fuel), many petrochemicals substitutes, charcoal (activated carbon), dissolving pulps and rayon. It includes both scientific and industrial data, case studies, current status, sustainability of paper and sugar industries, green nanotechnology, and future prospects.
Keywords: Agricultural Residues (Wastes); Paper and Board manufacture; Sustainability of Paper and Sugar Industries; Green Nanotechnology; Future Prospects

In  what  sense  do  we  speak  of  the planetary university? This  essay  belongs  to  a  more  comprehensive, still  unpublished reflection  that the authors have been developing over  the  past  years  while teaching  and  doing  research in Italy  and  abroad. However,  the essay  delineates  neither  the  situation  of  single  academic institutions, nor  a  general picture obtained by induction starting  from a variety of observational data. Rather,  it  attempts  to clarify,  in  the  specific  situation in which the authors  operate,  the powers  that  act  upon  teaching  and  research  once  they  let  themselves  be  informed  by  the laws  of  the  earth  turned  into  a  planet, that is,  in the words  of  common  language, by the new order of the globalized earth.

Tanaman tin merupakan salah satu tanaman introduksi yang mulai dikenal dan berkembang di Indonesia. Tanaman tin banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman hias dan obat sehingga permintaan akan komoditi ini semakin meningkat tiap tahunnya. Perbanyakan tanaman tin salah satunya dapat dilakukan dengan stek batang. Namun pada prosesnya terdapat kendala yang dihadapi berupa pertumbuhan tunas dan akar yang lamban karena faktor internal berupa ketersediaan hormon endogen bahan stek yang sedikit kadarnya sehingga mempengaruhi pertumbuhan stek hingga berujung kematian. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya upaya penambahan hormon dari luar. Hormon yang dipakai dapat diperoleh dari bahan alami yaitu air kelapa dan urine sapi. Penelitian dilakukan dalam green house Dsn. Menganti, Ds. Karangsemanding, Balonpanggang, Gresik dengan ketinggian tempat 21 mdpl sejak bulan Februari – Mei  2017. Varietas tin yang digunakan yaitu Green jordan. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial dengan tiga faktor perlakuan, yaitu: Hormon bahan alami (H) terdiri dari H1 = air kelapa dan H2 = urine sapi, konsentrasi hormon terdiri dari K1 = 0%, K2 = 25% dan K3 = 50% serta lama perendaman bahan stek yang terdiri dari W1 = 6 jam perendaman, W2 = 12 jam perendaman dan W3 = 18 jam perendaman dan pembanding yaitu P1 = hormon IBA 4000 ppm selama 12 jam.  Sehingga didapatkan 19 perlakuan diulang tiga kali dengan jumlah 5 sampel per ulangan. Total didapatkan 285 stek batang tanaman tin. Variabel yang diamati meliputi saat tumbuh tunas, presentase stek bertunas, laju pertumbuhan panjang tunas, laju pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, laju pertumbuhan luas daun, panjang akar, bobot segar akar dan bobot kering akar. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Analysis Of Variance (Anova) dan polonomial ortogonal. Apabila terdapat pengaruh nyata Uji F 5%, dilanjutkan dengan Uji (DMRT) dengan taraf signifikansi 5%.

Kata kunci : tin, Ficus carica L, stek, hormon alami

The paper examines the biowaste management issues across rural areas of Romania in the context of
poor waste management infrastructure in the last decade (2003-2012). Biowaste is the main fraction of
municipal waste, thus a proper management is a key challenge in order to sustain a bioeconomy in the
near future. The amount of biowaste generated and uncollected by waste operators is generally uncontrolled
disposed if not recovered through home composting. The paper points out the role of home composting in diverting the biowaste from wild dumps and landfills for the regions covered or not by waste collection services. Home composting and the biowaste losses are further assessed based on several scenarios (worse-case, pessimistic, realistic, optimistic) where the net loads of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are calculated at national and regional levels. The transition of home composting techniques, from open piles to plastic bins with respect to standard guidelines will improve the home composting performance in terms of compost quality and net GHG's savings, supporting a bio-based economy which will lead towards a sustainable rural development. Regional disparities are revealed across Romanian
counties and the paper opens new research perspectives regarding which options should be adopted by
counties and rural municipalities in the biowaste management process.

This conference is a premier international science, technology and business forum focusing on Agriculture, Biology and Life Science. The technical sessions will highlight invited and volunteer oral presentations. The best presentations and posters for both for academic participants and also students will be selected and awarded in three categories as Agriculture, Biology and Life Science. The students are strongly encouraged to submit an application for the student poster award also. Three student posters will be selected to receive 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd place monetary awards and a certificate during the conference also. The conference will be green conference basis so as much as less papers will be used and with carrying out our environment. Abstract book will be published in as electronic book in flash memory sticks which will be distributed during the conference. On the other, poster will be prepared electronically and submit via web page and will be exhibited in electronic poster panels. The attendees will have ample opportunities for learning, reconnecting, engaging and networking with colleagues in academia and industry and meet with exhibitors.

Agricultural production in Ethiopia is characterized by subsistence orientation, low productivity, low level of
technology and inputs, lack of infrastructures and market institutions, and extremely vulnerable to rainfall
variability. Productivity performance in the agriculture sector is critical to improvement in overall economic
well-being in Ethiopia. Low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low
profitability and efficiency of fertilizer, lack of irrigation development, lack of transport infrastructure,
inaccessibility of market and prevalence of land degradation, unfertile soil, overgrazing, deforestation and
desertification are among the constraints to agricultural productivity during last period. However, in 2011 the
sector grew by 9% driven by cereal production which reached a record high of 19.10 million tons in Ethiopia.

This exciting new volume examines the development of market performance from Antiquity until the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.
Efficient market structures are agreed by most economists to serve as evidence of economic prosperity, and to be prerequisites for further economic growth. However, this is the first study to examine market performance as a whole, over such a large time period. Presenting a hitherto unknown and inaccessible corpus of data from ancient Babylonia, this international set of contributors are for the first time able to offer an in-depth study of market performance over a period of 2,500 years.
The contributions focus on the market of staple crops, as they were crucial goods in these societies. Over this entire period, all papers provide a similar conceptual and methodological framework resting on a common definition of market performance combined with qualitative and quantitative analyses resting on new and improved price data. In this way, the book is able to combine analysis of the Babylonian period with similar work on the Roman, Early-and Late Medieval and Early Modern period.
Bringing together input from assyriologists, ancient historians, economic historians and economists, this volume will be crucial reading for all those with an interest in ancient history, economic history and economics.
This is part of a research project conducted at the VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) on "The efficiency of markets in Pre-Industrial Societies: the case of Babylonia, 485-61 BC".

Agriculture is a dominant sector of  Ethiopian economy which makes  a  lion share  contribution  to  Gross Domestic Product  (GDP), employment and  foreign exchange  earnings  of the country. Agriculture is still believed to remain a determinant sector that can play a dominant role in stimulating the overall economic development of the country in the years to come. The sound performance of agriculture warrants the availability of food crops. This accomplishment in agriculture does not only signify the adequate acquisition of food crops to attain  food security, but  also  heralds  a  positive  aspect  of  the  economy,food and nutrition security and better health status for the people.
However it is still challenged and its performance is not yet as the right level as it should be.The factors leading to the low performance are discussed in bref in this review.

Jagung-sweet corn (Zea mays L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan dunia yang terpenting, selain gandum dan padi. Sebagai sumber karbohidrat utama di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, jagung juga menjadi alternatif sumber pangan di Amerika Serikat. Penduduk beberapa daerah di Indonesia (misalnya di Madura dan Nusa Tenggara) juga menggunakan jagung sebagai pangan pokok. Selain sebagai sumber karbohidrat, jagung juga ditanam sebagai pakan ternak (hijauan maupun tongkolnya), diambil minyaknya (dari bulir), dibuat tepung (dari bulir, dikenal dengan istilah tepung jagung atau maizena), dan bahan baku industri (dari tepung bulir dan tepung tongkolnya). Tongkol jagung kaya akan pentosa, yang dipakai sebagai bahan baku pembuatan furfural. Jagung yang telah direkayasa

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

The Philippines have been well known as an agricultural country. However, the Philippines was recently stated by IRRI as the world’s largest importer of rice. How can such agricultural country lack the supply to sustain its own agricultural needs? In this paper, the researcher would like to find out if industrialization has an effect on the agricultural production of a developing country using Guadagno’s (2012) constant determinants of industrialization. Results show that industrialization actually improves the agricultural production of a developing country.

CVM  adalah  metode  teknik  survey  untuk  menanyakan  penduduk  tentang  nilai  atau
harga  yang  mereka  berikan  terhadap  komoditi  yang  tidak  memiliki  pasar,  seperti
barang  lingkungan,  jika  pasarnya  betul-betul  tersedia  atau  jika  ada  cara-cara
pembayaran lain seperti pajak diterapkan.

The erosion of agricultural soil represents an environmental
hazard in Mexico that threatens the sustainability
of agricultural production and causes multiple
externalities at the local and regional scales. This study
evaluates the on-site economic costs of soil erosion in
non-irrigated white corn agriculture by estimating the
value of productivity loss and the replacement costs
for lost nutrients. Our results are based on a revision
of 140 previous studies of soil erosion in Mexico, of
which 45% were performed at the plot level. We found
that the on-site economic costs of soil erosion are in
the range of US $16/ha/yr and US $32/ha/yr when
estimated by productivity loss, and equal US $22/ha/
yr, when estimated by the replacement costs of lost
nutrients. We found that erosion costs can represent
between 48% and 51% of the amount per hectare
given by PROCAMPO each year and, if aggregated,
between 4% and 7% of the national value of non-irrigated
white corn output. While not constituting a comprehensive
evaluation of the environmental services of
agricultural soils lost to erosion, the on-site costs of soil
erosion already challenge the financial sustainability of
Mexican peasant households. Given the magnitude of
the problem, we suggest that the programs of soil conservation
under implementation are not adequate, and
that soil erosion should occupy a more central place in
the design of public policies.

One of the major issues facing humankind is global food security. A changing climate, coupled with a heightened consumer awareness of how food is produced and legislative changes governing the usage of agrichemicals for improving plant health and yield, means that alternative, more integrated and sustainable approaches are needed for crop management practices. To this end, there is increasing recognition of the value of the role of microbial inoculants in agriculture. The focus of this review is to understand how plant-growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can play a part in improving crop yield by promoting the health status of the plant through the sequestration of various nutrients and in the control of plant diseases.

The research focused on the management of stormwater and sewage generated in a
developed urban area - Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. This involved the design of sanitary sewers, stormwater collection networks and a central sewage treatment plant. The total estimate of the wastewater generated from various locations was 5.067 million litres per day based on the population of approximately 26,131. The existing sewage disposal system in use in the institution was the septic tank-soakaway arrangement for individual buildings. The design of the sanitary sewers and stormwater collection networks are based on the principles of hydraulics. The results obtained were used to analyze and design the drains and pipe sizes for the open channels and the closed conduits respectively. The size of the drains for stormwater collection networks was designed with the assumption of 0.75 and 1 meter width. Also, calculations were made for square drain (depth equals width)
to be able to select practicable sizes. For optimum size solution, pipe size of 100 mm was found to be suitable for wastewater conveyance from the office areas. The sizes of pipes calculated for flows from residential quarters are too small, hence available commercial pipe sizes were selected. Wastewater samples were collected at various locations and were determined through laboratory tests to ascertain the concentrations of significant physical, chemical and biological content of the wastewater for proper selection of appropriate treatment processes. A BOD concentration of 350 mg/l and 353 mg/l obtained for residential and office areas respectively translated to high pollution load requires treatment before ultimate discharge into the receiving stream. The proposed sewage treatment plant was sited
at the lowest topographical level, far enough from the office and residential quarters. This would allow flow by gravity from the various points. The sewage treatment plant components selected include screen chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank and rectangular/circular primary settling/sedimentation tank (PST), which are designed to optimal dimensions.

Ancient economy has commonly been studied in the context of commerce and trade, less attention being paid to the production side of the economy. Additionally, artificial periodizations based on political change, including the division of Near Eastern history to the pre-Islam and Islamic periods, has prevented historians from considering issues such as economic growth in the long term. The present paper, focusing on the production side of the Sasanian economy, tries to establish certain principles and introduce possible criteria to study the economic history of the Sasanians. Regions of Khuzistan and Tokharistan/Bactria provide useful examples and comparisons for illustrating some of the points.

This study discusses the production of briquettes as an alternative household fuel. Briquettes were produced from sawdust collected from one of the saw-mills in Akure, Ondo State. Water and cow dung were used both as binders in the production. Five briquettes were produced at 100%, 120%, 140%, 160% and 180% weight of water to sawdust while the other five were produced at water to cow dung ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 percentages added to 1.5kg of sawdust. Combustion related properties of the briquettes viz: moisture content, dry density, percentage volatile matter, percentage fixed carbon and heating values were determined. Also, the cost analysis of producing 1000 briquettes was carried out. The results show that briquettes made from sawdust using solely water as binder has good combustion capacity than those produced from sawdust using the mixture of water and cow dung as binders. The cost analysis carried out shows the economic viability of using briquettes as a good substitute of the current ever increasing conventional cooking fuels available. Therefore, the use of wood residues for briquette production will reduce deforestation and environmental degradation by minimizing waste in the sawmill industry

Society of Krishi Vigyan is regularly publishing its Journal of Krishi Vigyan having a NAAS rating of 4.41 w.e.f. 1/1/2017  and there is a gradual increase in the number of papers published in each issue . May I request our colleagues to publish their good work in this upcoming journal for the  welfare of farmers as well as scientific community.

Weeds are currently present in a wide range of ecosystems worldwide. Although the beginning of their evolution is largely unknown, researchers assumed that they developed in tandem
with cultivation since the appearance of agricultural habitats some 12,000 years ago.
These rapidly-evolving plants invaded the human disturbed areas and thrived in the new habitat. Here we present unprecedented new findings of the presence of “proto-weeds” and small-scale trial cultivation in Ohalo II, a 23,000-year-old unter-gatherers' sedentary camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel.We examined the plant remains retrieved from the site (ca. 150,000 specimens), placing particular emphasis on the search for evidence of plant cultivation by Ohalo II people and the presence of weed species. The archaeobotanically-rich plant assemblage demonstrates extensive human gathering of over 140 plant species and food preparation by grinding wild wheat and barley. Among these, we identified 13 well-known current weeds mixed with numerous seeds of wild emmer, barley, and oat.
This collection provides the earliest evidence of a human-disturbed environment—at least11 millennia before the onset of agriculture—that provided the conditions for the development of "proto-weeds", a prerequisite for weed evolution. Finally, we suggest that their presence indicates the earliest, small-scale attempt to cultivate wild cereals seen in the
archaeological record.

This study examines economic of Irish potato production in jos south local government area of Plateau state. A purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting four districts in the study area. Data were collected from 80 respondents randomly selected from Du, Bukuru, Vwang and Kuru districts. It was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting and multiple regression analysis. The result revealed that 32.5% of the respondents were between 32 – 36 years of age with a mean of 36.6 years. In addition, the results indicated that 65% of the respondent were male and 71.3% were married with the mean family sie of 7.8 persons. The average year of experience in Irish potato production was 14.8 years. The result also revealed that 80% of the respondent sourced their capital from personal savings. The average farm size was 1.63 hectares. The total costs and returns were N 54,145.94 and N 131,513.75 per hectare respectively. The net farm income and return per naira invested were N77,367.81 and N1.43 per hectare respectively. The operating, fixed and gross ratio were 0.40, 0.01 and 0.41 respectively. The result of the regression analysis on socio-economic factors influencing gross income the cobb douglas production function was chosen as the lead equation with R2 0.819 and F- value of 29.9 which was significant at P < 0.001. The cost of labour had positive coefficient was significant at P < 0.01, cost of fertilizer (P <0.01). Regression analysis on production factors influencing Irish potato production output using linear functional form indicated that R2 was 0.722 and F- value of 31.56 which was significant at (P<0.001). fertilizer was significant at P < 0.001, farm size was significant (P < 0.001). However poor storage facilities, instability in market price and inadequate input among others were the major problem associated with Irish potato production in the study area. The study recommended that formation of cooperatives society or farmers groups to handle marketing problems.

Contratapa:
En el siglo que transcurre entre la Revolución de Mayo y la Primera Guerra Mundial, la Argentina se transformó en uno de los principales exportadores de productos primarios y en uno de los países de mayor crecimiento a escala global. Para algunos autores, el acentuado perfil agroexportador impidió construir un sistema productivo capaz de favorecer una distribución más equitativa de la riqueza; para otros, permitió hacer un uso económicamente eficiente y socialmente legítimo de los vastos recursos naturales del país.

Roy Hora toma distancia de esas perspectivas simplistas, y explica la historia económica del largo siglo XIX en toda su complejidad. Su trabajo analiza los tres ciclos productivos (el del cuero, el de la lana, y el de las carnes refinadas y los granos) que signaron la expansión exportadora, examinando las características del mercado internacional, las estructuras de comercialización y el marco político e institucional en el que debieron desenvolverse.

Al mismo tiempo, el autor analiza cómo y con qué intensidad el dinamismo exportador se transmitió al resto de la economía y de qué modo afectó las actividades orientadas al mercado interno, tanto en las regiones del litoral pampeano como en el interior del país. Además, indaga de qué manera el cambio económico se tradujo en nuevos patrones de consumo, y cuál fue la incidencia del crecimiento sobre el bienestar y la equidad.

A partir de un relato conciso y esclarecedor, este ensayo ofrece una visión general sobre la producción y los mercados, pero también sobre las instituciones económicas y el progreso social en el primer siglo de vida de la Argentina independiente.

Simandan D (2009) Industrialization, In R Kitchin & N Thrift, (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography , Oxford: Elsevier, volume 5, pp. 419-425.
ABSTRACT: This article (1) defines industrialisation and indicates ways in which it can be measured, (2) highlights the importance of the timing of industrialisation and the inherent limits to the proper scientific explanation of this phenomenon, (3) disentangles the often confused conceptual relation between industrialisation and capitalism, (4) explicates the causal links between industrialisation and modernisation, (5) undertakes a brief assessment of the relative costs and benefits of industrialisation, and (6) discloses the defining contours of scholarship on industrialisation in Anglo-American human geography and illustrates it with a recent attempt to integrate the field with the help of a master metaphor called ‘recursive cartographies’. Its portrayal of economic reality as interplay of legacies, rhythms, and events conveys the usefulness of spatial thinking in industrialisation research.

The evolution of agricultural economies requires two processes: 1) the domestication of plants and 2) specialization in agricultural practices at the expense of alternative subsistence pursuits. Yet, in the literature, domestication receives the lion's share of attention while theories of specialization lag behind. In this paper, we integrate ideas from human behavioral ecology (HBE) with tools from dynamical systems theory to study the effects of ecological inheritance on levels of investment in foraging and farming. Ecological inheritance is an outcome of niche construction and our study provides a formal link between foraging theory and niche construction. Our analysis of a dynamic model of foraging and farming illustrates that the optimal allocation of effort to foraging and farming can lead to the emergence of multiple stable states. The consequence of this is that low-level farming optimizes subsistence (e.g., minimizing the effort required to meet a subsistence goal) in a forager-resource system over a few years but makes the whole system vulnerable to punctuated change over decades due to rare events. We use the insights of our model to propose a general ecological framework to explain the evolution and diversity of transitions from foraging to farming. Link to Final: http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1RS9W-JVbUUYA

The aim of this review was to gather in a same text a great amount of information from different areas of expertise all related to biofuels. In their great majority the, data were taken from peer-reviewed articles and the picture that is released is faithful to the expert believe of the moment. This picture shows us that (i) humanity engaged itself in the non-sustainable use of energy with the promise of dramatic climatic consequences, (ii) the biofuel iniciative will not be sufficient to contain green house gas without aggressive carbon credit politics, (iii) a concensus must be found to decide and maintain a sustainable proportion of land for wild life reservoirs to assist the carbon credit politics and to buffer human activities, (iv) market logics does not have appropriate motivations to meet climate concerns and need governance regulation, active control and politic responsability to change the actual trend, (v) regulations concerning personal vehicle use, public transport in city centers and decentralization of human activities would have significant effect on global climate change and population health, (vi) biofuels from higher plants and wastes will hardly solve more than 10% of fuel consumption, (vii) CO2 sequestration by algae and their biofuel will significantly contribute to renewable energy production, (viii) biomass should be increasingly substituted coal for synthetic gas (syngas) production, (ix) car optimization not only concerning the propulsion but also concerning their pay load and other features is requested, (x) hybrid car combining electricity and thermic engine are the best solution on the short term, (xi) hydrogen paradigm will not take off before the second half of this century, (xii) renewable energy portfolio depends on the resource opportunities of each geographical regions and specific solutions has to be searched, (xiii) energy production from renewable resource should be part of the electric grid for oportunity scale, (xiv) maximization of renewable energy will occur through technological integration from very different sources including solar, wind, ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, Fisher-Torsh syngas, nuclear assisted syngas, hydrogen.

Markets are key contemporary institutions, yet there is little agreement concerning their history or diversity. To complicate matters, markets have been considered by different academic disciplines that approach the nature of such exchange systems from diametrically opposed perspectives that impede cross-disciplinary dialogue. This paper reviews the theoretical and methodological issues surrounding the detection, development, and significance of markets in the preindustrial past. We challenge both the view that marketing is natural and the perspective that market exchange is unique to modern capitalist contexts. Both of these frameworks fail to recognize that past and present market activities are embedded in their larger societal contexts, albeit in different ways that can be understood only if examined through a broadly shared theoretical lens.We examine the origins, change, and diversity of preindustrial markets, calling for multiscalar, cross-disciplinary approaches to investigate the long-term history of this economic institution.

Current debates in science and technology studies emphasize that the bio-economy—or, the articulation of capitalism and biotechnology—is built on notions of commodity production, commodification, and materiality, emphasizing that it is possible to derive value from body parts, molecular and cellular tissues, biological processes, and so on. What is missing from these perspectives, however, is consideration of the political-economic actors, knowledges, and practices involved in the creation and management of value. As part of a rethinking of value in the bio-economy, this article analyzes three key political-economic processes: financialization, capitalization, and asseti-zation. In doing so, it argues that value is managed as part of a series of valuation practices, it is not inherent in biological materialities.

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

Despite having a more advanced water management system than most Middle Eastern countries, similar to the other countries in the region, Iran is experiencing a serious water crisis. The government blames the current crisis on the changing climate, frequent droughts, and international sanctions, believing that water shortages are periodic. However, the dramatic water security issues of Iran are rooted in decades of disintegrated planning and managerial myopia. Iran has suffered from a symptom-based management paradigm, which mainly focuses on curing the problem symptoms rather than addressing the main causes. This paper reviews the current status of water resources in Iran and recognizes three major causes for the current water crisis: (1) rapid population growth and inappropriate spatial population distribution; (2) inefficient agriculture sector; and (3) mismanagement and thirst for development. The country is faced with serious challenges in the water sector, including but not limited to rising water demand and shortage, declining groundwater levels, deteriorating water quality, and increasing ecosystem losses. If immediate actions are not taken to address these issues, the situation could become more tragic in the near future. The paper suggests some crisis exit strategies that need to be immediately adopted to secure sustainable water resources, if Iran does not want to lose its international reputation for significant success in water resources management over thousands of years in an arid area of the world.

This research is an attempt to analyse the economics of maize (Zea mays L.) production in Oyo State of Nigeria. Multistage random sampling technique was employed to select two hundred and twenty maize producing farmers for the study. Data for the study were collected using structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics and estimation of Cobb-Douglas regression model. The result showed that mean age for respondents was 45.8 years while more than half of them were literates. The major source of finance for the farmers was personal savings while the mean land area cultivated was 2.2 hectares. The results of the regression analysis showed that significant relationships exist between maize production costs and returns to maize farmers in the study area. The standard enterprise budgetary analysis revealed that respondents made N70, 325.74 profits per hectare of maize produced during the year of survey. The result further revealed that on every naira invested in maize production, respondents were able to make N1.26k in return.

Ketahanan Pangan adalah kondisi terpenuhinya pangan bagi rumah tangga yang tercermin dari tersedianya pangan yang cukup, baik jumlah maupun mutunya, aman, merata dan terjangkau. Ketersediaan pangan dapat berasal dari hasil produksi dalam negeri dan/atau sumber lain. Menurut Saliem et al. (2003) selain enam hal tersebut, aspek keberlanjutan ketahanan pangan yang identik dengan kebijakan dan strategi peningkatan kemandirian pangan nasional merupakan hal yang harus diperhatikan.Untuk mengukur ketahanan pangan dari sisi kemandirian dapat dilihat dari ketergantungan ketersediaan pangan nasional pada produksi pangan dalam negeri.Dalam operasionalnya, konsep mandiri diskenariokan sebagai kondisi dimana kebutuhan pangan nasional minimal 90 persen dipenuhi dari produksi dalam negeri (Suryana, 2004).Pentingnya kemandirian pangan dilatarbelakangi bahwa pangan merupakan kebutuhan hakiki manusia.

This paper introduces some of the invaluable aspects of, and new perspectives arising in, the field of zooarchaeology. Studying archaeological animal remains provides clear evidence of past human diet, but the contributions zooarchaeology can make to archaeological research have a much broader scope. Zooarchaeological research provides an interesting insight into the study of past environments, animal domestication, biostratigraphy, the social side of food, animal remains as clothing or even as building materials and art manifestations, amongst others. Zooarchaeology is subdivided here into environmental or physical zooarchaeology, which mainly deals with climate, seasonality and dating of a site, and social zooarchaeology, which deals with hunting techniques, animal management, social hierarchy and symbolism. This array of possibilities is illustrated through examples drawn from diverse periods and places. Some of the issues concerning zooarchaeology are analysed in more depth through the site of Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar (Murcia, Spain). This case study provides a practical application of zooarchaeological perspectives in the study of human evolution.

The field of zooarchaeology is therefore not limited to the study of past dietary habits. Rather the study of animal remains allows a deeper understanding of complex human-animal interactions and a greater comprehension of archaeological societies and cultures.

There is still a gap between national milk production and demand, in which only be satisfied up to 30% of the total production. Assessment on the role of dairy farming cooperation to increase milk quality had been done in 2006 in West Java. The study used survey method involved KPSBU Lembang and KSU Tandangsari, Sumedang. The result shows that milk quality include fat, solid and solid non fat (SNF) in those two cooperations are relatively good, however the TPC is still under SNI standard. KPSBU Lembang and KSU Tandangsari have been proactive to control the disease in dairy cow such us screening to detect Brucellosis. There are 88 dairy cows positive Brucellosis in KPSBU area, whereas in KSU Tandangsari 400 samples were tested and all were nwgative. Effort to control subclinical mastitis was done in each cooling unit, so that treatment could be applied when it was detected. All milk from cows treated with antibiotic was dumped to avoid antibiotic residu. Those efforts were expected to increase milk quality especially in reducing TPC, so that milk price in the farmer level was increased.

The study was conducted in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of climate change on maize. The data for the study was obtained from secondary sources. The result shows that the average rainfall and temperature statistics were 1288.311mm and 31.7173oC in Nigeria within the period under study. The average maize output within the period was 4.84mt while hectarage and yield were 3.36mha and 1.44t/ha respectively. The result from the study equally shows that the area cultivated and productivity of maize increased as temperature and rainfall increased. However, there were deceleration of output and area of maize cultivated which may have been induced by the increase in temperature and rainfall over these period. Maize productivity accelerated. The climate change variables show significant effect on maize production with the period under review. Based on findings from the study, it is recommended that since temperature and rainfall are relatively beyond the control of farmers, there should be proper enlightenment of the farmers on the proper climate adaptation practices to employ in order to minimize the adverse effects of climate change on their output.