Legal History

This extremely rare book/manuscripts of its kind presents an extensive archaeological and papyrological survey of the Fayum region of Egypt. This seminal work, published under the auspices of the Egypt Exploration Fund, documents the excavations of various settlements in the Fayum, highlighting their historical, administrative, and cultural significance through the study of recovered papyri. The volume provides a meticulous analysis of Greek and Demotic texts, shedding light on the daily life, economy, governance, and legal systems of Greco-Roman Egypt. The papyri include official documents, private letters, tax records, land leases, and petitions, offering valuable insights into the bureaucratic mechanisms of Ptolemaic and Roman administration. Additionally, the book explores the urban layout of these Fayumic towns, detailing architectural features, religious institutions, and burial practices. Grenfell, Hunt, and Hogarth also contextualize the linguistic and paleographic aspects of the texts, contributing to the broader study of Hellenistic and Roman-era literacy and scribal traditions. The inclusion of Milne’s chapter further enhances the work by examining the socio-political implications of the papyri, particularly in relation to the integration of Egyptian and Greek cultural elements. This work remains a foundational reference in the study of papyrology, Greco-Roman Egypt, and the archaeology of the Fayum. Its findings not only advance our understanding of administrative and economic structures but also illuminate the lived experiences of individuals navigating the complex interactions of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman influences in the region.
SOME OF THE PAPYRI & MANUSCRIPTS INCLUDE -
(a) Inscriptions
Dedication of a Propylon – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Portal – A.D. 61
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall – A.D. 69-78
Dedication of a Propylon – A.D. 190
Dedication of a Lion – About A.D. 190
Petition to the King (Plate VIII) – 1st cent. B.C.
Dedication of a Banqueting-hall (Plate VII 6) – A.D. 109
(b) Papyri
Chariton, Chaereas and Callirrhoé, IV (Plate I) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Lyric Fragment – 2nd cent.
Commentary on Aristotle, Topics – 1st or 2nd cent.
Homer, Iliad VIII. 332-6 and 362-9 (Plate V) – 2nd or 1st cent. B.C.
Homer, Iliad I. 404-47 – 2nd or 3rd cent. A.D.
Homer, Iliad XXI. 26-41 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Homer, Odyssey VI. 201-300 (Plate IV) – 1st cent.
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, pp. 121, 122 – 2nd cent.
Euclid I. 39 and 41 – 2nd cent.
Latin Fragment (Plate VI) – 2nd or 3rd cent.
Petition of Demetrius – About B.C. 115
Petition of Theotimus – About B.C. 103
Letter of a Tax-farmer – B.C. 117?
Notice from Tax-collectors – B.C. 124
Tax-receipt – B.C. 112?
Order for Payment – 1st cent. B.C.
Banker’s Receipts – B.C. 121
Banker’s Receipt – B.C. 109
Orders for Payment of Wheat – 1st cent. B.C.
TABLE OF TEXTS
Letter of the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 134) Imperial Edict concerning the Aurum Coronarium (A.D. 149) Proclamation of Mamertinus (A.D. 233) Ptolemaic Marriage Laws (B.C. 134) Lists of Persons Qualified for Office (A.D. 240) Declaration Concerning an Edict (2nd cent.) Work on the Embankments (2nd cent.) Official Correspondence (185 or 217 A.D.) Selection of Boys (epikrisis) (3rd or 4th cent.) Notice of Birth (A.D. 147 and 194) Notice of Death (A.D. 141-142) Notice of Death (2nd and 3rd cent.) Transfer of Property (2nd cent.) Property Return (A.D. 161-169) Return of Unwatered Land (A.D. 155) Delegation of Tax-Collecting (3rd cent.) Receipt for Salary of Deputy Tax-Collectors (A.D. 9) Lease of a Monopoly (A.D. 234) Warrant for Arrest (A.D. 99) Notice from a Centurion (A.D. 126) Report to a Tax-farmer (A.D. 161) Taxing List (A.D. 222-235) Tax-Collectors’ Return (2nd cent.) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 122) Tax-Collectors’ Return (A.D. 78) Tax Receipt (A.D. 123) Receipt for Mason’s Tax (A.D. 159) Tax Receipt (A.D. 99) Receipt for Bath Tax (About B.C. 18) Receipt for Tax on Beer (About A.D. 105) Receipt for Tax on Beer (3rd cent.) Receipts for Tax on Weaving (Late 3rd cent.) Receipts for Poll Tax (About A.D. 180) Tax Receipts (About A.D. 140) Tax Receipt (A.D. 133) Taxes on Land (About A.D. 171) Tax Receipt (Early 1st cent.) Tax Receipt (A.D. 94) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 95-96) Taxes on Weaving (A.D. 99) Receipt (A.D. 100) Payment for Use of Pastures (A.D. 100) Receipt for Tax on the Sale of a Cow (A.D. 100) Receipt for Payment on Wine (A.D. 100) Receipt for Taxes on Oil (A.D. 100) Receipt (A.D. 113) List of Fines (A.D. 116) Custom-House Receipts (A.D. 123) Work on the Embankments (A.D. 126) Advance of Seed Corn (A.D. 128) Receipts for Payment in Kind (A.D. 131) Account of a Sitologus (A.D. 133) Account of Sitologi (A.D. 135) Payment Through a Bank (A.D. 137) Receipt for Rent (A.D. 138) Loan of Seed (A.D. 139) Loan of Seed (A.D. 140) Contract for Labour in an Oil-Press (A.D. 142) Sale of a Donkey (A.D. 144) Lease of Business in Perkanide (A.D. 145) Termination of Guardianship (A.D. 148) Lease of an Oil-Press (A.D. 149) Receipt for Rent of an Oil-Press (A.D. 153) Receipt for a Share of an Inheritance (A.D. 154) Receipt for House-Rent (A.D. 155) Receipt for Farm-Rent (A.D. 157) Order on a Bank (A.D. 158) Account (A.D. 163) Farm Accounts (A.D. 163) Funeral Expenses (A.D. 166) Account (A.D. 167) Latin Military Accounts (A.D. 169) Petition to the Praefect (A.D. 170) Petition of Papontos (A.D. 171) Petition to the Strategus (A.D. 172) Letter of Pisais (A.D. 174) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 178) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 180) Letter from Gemellus to Epagathus (A.D. 182) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 185) Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus (A.D. 186)

Tags
Ancient inscriptions, papyrus fragments, Greek manuscripts, Latin texts, Egyptian documents, historical petitions, tax receipts, royal decrees, imperial edicts, official correspondence, legal contracts, property sales, land leases, financial transactions, ancient banking, rent agreements, tax collection, tax farming, poll tax, beer tax, oil tax, weaving tax, embankment work, funeral expenses, military accounts, Roman administration, Ptolemaic laws, marriage contracts, inheritance declarations, transport agreements, slave trade, ancient economy, ancient bureaucracy, land ownership, property rights, legal disputes, ancient archives, manuscript preservation, historical documentation, archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, classical studies, antiquity research, government records, royal inscriptions, Greek literature, Homeric texts, philosophical commentaries, Aristotle’s works, Euclidean geometry, Demosthenes’ speeches, rhetorical studies, ancient law, taxation policies, banking history, economic history, ancient trade, ancient commerce, financial records, record keeping, treasury archives, administrative orders, imperial policies, papyrology, classical philology, manuscript studies, textual criticism, Greek philosophy, Roman law, historical edicts, Egyptian taxation, Seleucid administration, Byzantine documentation, legal antiquities, land surveys, agrarian history, ancient labor, work contracts, agricultural leases, temple inscriptions, religious dedications, votive inscriptions, burial records, birth records, census data, official reports, centurion reports, war proclamations, military orders, frontier administration, logistics records, resource management, tax exemptions, mining industry, public finance, state control, urban administration, town councils, judicial proceedings, civil administration, household economy, scribal traditions, secretarial practices, document authentication, notarized agreements, cultural heritage, museum collections, manuscript conservation, text restoration, archival research, document dating, paleography, historical linguistics, legal anthropology, cross-cultural exchanges, Mediterranean history, Middle Eastern records, Hellenistic period, Late Antiquity, early Christianity, Jewish history, Greco-Roman society, Alexandrian scholarship, ancient libraries, intellectual history, book trade, script development, cursive writing, literary papyri, historical chronicles, documentary evidence, historical methodologies, philological studies, state records, municipal governance, temple economy, sacred laws, civic duties, public administration, economic papyri, tax evasion, legal penalties, financial disputes, fiscal policies, trade regulation, commodity pricing, state monopolies, banking receipts, coinage systems, treasury accounts, merchant contracts, trade guilds, craft taxation, resource allocation, tribute payments, military financing, public works, infrastructure projects, bridge construction, road maintenance, naval logistics, harbor management, trade route control, shipping records, import duties, export taxes, commodity exchanges, warehousing, merchant associations, guild records, domestic trade, foreign commerce, diplomatic correspondence, international treaties, cross-border taxation, financial oversight, regulatory frameworks

An account of the remarkable rediscovery of an early 9th-century Tibetan Imperial Era military law code that surfaced in Lhasa in 2014.  Although it was posted in the comments section, I should add here that a fine discussion and summary of the same military law code may be found in Brandon Dotson’s “Introducing Early Tibetan Law: Codes & Cases.” contained in: Dieter Schuh, ed., *Secular Law & Order in the Tibetan Highland,* International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2015, pp. 267-314, at pp. 278-279.

El artículo ofrece una síntesis del papel desempeñado por el Estado y sus instituciones en España en materia de políticas de control de armamento, políticas de desarme de civiles y con respecto a su participación en dinámicas de «rearme selectivo» de la población a lo largo del periodo 1868-1936. Dicho análisis permite examinar, entre otros, el impacto de las políticas estatales en la escalada de actos de violencia y terrorismo de los años de preguerra mundial y los que siguieron a la Gran Guerra y tuvieron lugar a lo largo del periodo de entreguerras.

Se trata de la primera de las contribuciones de un dossier que lleva por título «Circulación de armas, políticas de control de armamento y violencia política en España (1868-1952)», coordinado junto a Joan Pubill Brugués.

From a comparative perspective, this paper argues that early Chinese empires lacked the concept of talion or tort law when malicious violence or intent became factors. Instead, wrongdoers were required to pay fines to the government or received punishment as hard labor for the state. Victims not only could not receive compensation but were sometimes punished along with the offender if their loss was perceived as a loss to the empire. I argue that the absence of corrective justice in criminal cases can be traced back to the philosophical underpinnings of the body politic, a prominent discourse in early China that viewed the emperor and the people as a single, organic entity. When people were conceived of as constituting a unified, singular entity, criminal actions against an individual were interpreted as damage to the empire. Therefore, punishments for offenders were designed to compensate the empire, not the individual. Furthermore, in the context of the body politic, the suffering of both victims and offenders was regarded as metaphysically equal, which justified frequently pardoning culprits on a large scale to secure harmony within the empire. Originally, the body politic was employed to admonish and criticize the throne, urging the emperor to align his interests with the well-being of his people, but in practice, it compromised the practice of justice.

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This study examines an obscure chapter in the history of rabbinic law in late medieval Europe.  I contend that this concept represents a profound  innovation within the history of Halakha. Its adoption would have freed rabbinical courts from the need to summon eyewitnesses in every judicial process. I further argue that this concept reveals a remarkable similarity to principles prevalent in canon law.

Absztrakt A tanulmány az 1790-es évek felvilágosodásának és az 1830-as, illetve 1840-es évek liberalizmusának kodifikációs kísérletei közötti összefüggést és azok hátterét vizsgálja. Az 1791. évi LXVII. törvénycikk felállított kilenc országos rendszeres bizottságot azzal a feladattal, hogy a szokásjogra és privilégiumokra alapuló rendi állam megreformálására készítsenek elő törvényjavaslatokat az alapvető közjogi keretek megváltoztatása nélkül. A bizottságok 1792 és 1795 között elvégezték munkájukat, és elküldték a királynak tervezeteiket, az úgynevezett operátumokat. Végül a bel-és külpolitikai status quo változása miatt az elkészült operátumok nem kerültek az ország gyűlés napirendjére. A kancellária irattárából csak az 1827. évi VIII. törvénycikk által felállított bizottságoknak köszönhetően kerültek ki. Ezeknek a bizottságoknak feladata volt az "elfeledett" operátumok felülvizsgálata, amelyeket végül kinyomtattak és megküldtek a vármegyéknek, hogy fűzzenek hozzá észrevételeket. Ezen vármegyei viták (1831-1832) alatt szerveződött meg a magyar liberális nemesi ellenzék, előbb mozgalommá, majd párttá, hogy végül 1848 tavaszán, az áprilisi törvényekben manifesztálják a rendi-feudális rendszert leváltó polgári átalakulás alapvetéseit.

ANNO LXXXIII (2016) NUOVA SERIE A-67,3-4 INDICE-SOMMARIO del fascicolo 2 ANDREA MARIA AZZARO, Appunti sulla nozione giuridica di "crisi" d'impresa come stato di non insolvenza (irreversibile), 181 MARIA LUISA BICCARI, Sul titolo De Iniuriis del Codice Giustinianeo: le costituzioni di Diocle-ziano e il diritto classico, 203 ALBERTO FABBRI, ILARIA PRETELLI, The Right to Freedom of Religion in the Italian Experience of Secularism, 241 GABRIELE MARRA, «Diritto penale moderno» v. «Diritto penale ultra-liberale». Note su imma-gini francofortesi nella gius-penalistica spagnola, 279 LUCIO MONACO, Prolegomena alla riforma del diritto penale dell'informatica nell'ordinamento giuridico della Repubblica di San Marino, 335 MARIA MORELLO, Humanitas e diritto: la condizione giuridica della donna nella famiglia dell'e-tà pre-moderna, 365 VITTORIO PARLATO, Pietro Leopoldo: un principe riformatore, 397 EDOARDO ALBERTO ROSSI, L'autodeterminazione dei popoli tra jus cogens...

Substantive due process is a controversial doctrine due to its lack of a limiting principle that prevents courts from creating or extending rights beyond the text of the Constitution. This Comment suggests that the effects of substantive due process should be evaluated from a perspective of their likely effect on the federalist marketplace of state experimentation. From this perspective, the application of substantive due process should be limited to natural rights, which are the equivalent of natural monopolies in economic marketplaces. The remaining rights should be allowed to develop through state experimentation. Substantive due process is one of the most controversial doctrines currently applied by the Supreme Court. The doctrine is so controversial that its very name has been called a "contradiction in terms," 2 an "oxymoron," 3 and even "a momentous sham." 4 The root of the controversy surrounding the application of substantive due process is not that it protects substantive rights through a provision requiring procedure, but that it allows the Court to expand the protections of the Constitution based on judicial discretion with no clear limits. 5 Although substantive due process has been the

Dernekler, topluluklar veya birlikler, insanları belirli ortak amaçlar doğrultusunda bir araya getiren ve kent yaşamında dikkat çeken örgütlenmeler ya da sosyal ağlardır.
Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentleri de bu tür dernekler açısından zengin bir tarihsel geçmişe sahiptir.
Çeşitli araştırmacıların katkıda bulunduğu bu kolektif kitap, mezar stelleri, onurlandırma yazıtları gibi epigrafik buluntuların ya da çeşitli Eskiçağ kaynaklarının etkili şekilde kullanılması yoluyla Eskiçağda Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz kentlerindeki dernekler ve birlikler üzerine odaklanmakta, bu sayede kentsel yaşamdaki toplumsal ve sosyo-ekonomik ağları görünür kılmayı amaçlamaktadır.

***

Associations, communities or unions are organisations or social networks that bring people together for certain common purposes and attract attention in urban life. Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean cities have a rich historical background in terms of such associations.
This collective volume, to which various scholars have contributed, focuses on associations and unions in ancient Anatolian and eastern Mediterranean cities through the efficient use of epigraphic finds such as funerary stelae, honorary inscriptions, and other ancient sources, and aims to make visible the social and socio-economic networks in urban life.

This article analyses the petition and response process in late medieval Castile, focusing on petitions of grievance submitted to the Royal Council during the reign of Isabel I and Fernando II (r.1474–1504). Studies published in recent decades have revised our understanding of petitionary practices and their significance to systems of governance in medieval and early modern Europe. One persistent gap in this scholarship, however, concerns the ‘aftermath’ of petitioning — that is, the occurrences that followed the grant of petitions and the issuance of royal decrees in response. Drawing on the rich documentation that has survived from late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Castile, this article highlights the importance of studying the local spaces of interactions where beneficiaries of royal decrees tried to bring them into effect through acts of claims-making. The evidence from Castile is mobilized to illuminate the forms of negotiation and contestation that informed the presentations of ‘letters of justice’ issued by the Royal Council, the mechanisms used by the royal authority to enforce its commands, and the ways that factors such as speed, publicity and violence shaped the meanings petitioning assumed in different contexts of dispute. The analysis of petitioning bears implications for understanding royal power in the Castilian monarchy, drawing attention to a pattern of intensifying communications between the central royal government and non-elites. As they petitioned the Royal Council, thousands of Castilians sought empowerment in local disputes. At the same time, mass participation in the petitioning process played a major role in legitimizing royal power and furthering its embeddedness in the localities.

PERIODS OF ROMANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW -WITH REGARD TO THE RIGHT TO VOTE CZU: 342.821(498) József Zoltán FAZAKAS * International law does not require any further criteria of statehood beyond the three basic conditions of statehood, namely the existence of a contiguous territory, a permanently settled population and sovereign supremacy over it (Jellinek, 1959: p. 394-* Dr.

Joseph Margulies is a Clinical Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. He was counsel of record for the petitioners in Rasul v. Bush and Munaf v. Geren. He now is counsel of record for Abu Zubaydah, for whose torture (termed harsh interrogation by some) Bush Administration officials John Yoo and Jay Bybee wrote authorizing legal opinions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at workshops at the American Bar Foundation and the 2010 Law and Society Association Conference in Chicago. Margulies expresses his thanks in particular to

This work analyzes the current situation of the system of production of laws; the need to preserve an well coordinated and institutional system of production of laws and the interest of promoting the transparency and knowledge of the legislative procedure works. PALABRAS CLAVE: Sistema de producción de leyes, proceso legislativo.

Şüf'a hakkı hukuk sistemlerinde ortaklar arasında olan bir hak olmakla beraber ayrıntısıyla İslam hukukuna özgü bir haktır. Bu hak çeşidi, çıkmaz sokak, özel yol, özel su kanalı gibi belirgin kapalı bir alanda hak sahiplerinin olası fayda ve zararlarını korumak ve dengelemek amaçlı ihdas edilmiştir. İslam hukukçuları, şüf'ayı devren mülkiyet sebebi sayar ve mülkiyet hakkının sınırlandıran ve yenilik doğuran akitlerden kabul ederler. Satıcı ile müşteri arasında şüf'adarın üçüncü bir kişi olma niteliği olup çeşitli öncelikleri vardır: Bunlar önce satılan malda ortaklık sonra irtifak haklarında ortaklık ve bitişik komşuluktur. İslâm hukuku, şekil ve içerik bakımından kazuistiktir. Bunlar önce satılan malda ortaklık sonra irtifak haklarında ortaklık ve bitişik komşuluktur. İslâm hukuku, şekil ve içerik bakımından kazuistiktir. Günümüzde hukuk metinleri daha çok mücerred yöntemle ele alınmakta zamanla bu metot ders kitaplarına da sirayet etmiş bulunmaktadır. Oysa öğrencilerin soruları daha çok meseleci tarzda olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Hanefi mezhebi özelinde şüf'a hakkı, genel olarak işlenilerek fıkıh öğretimi ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Fıkıh öğretiminde bu iki yöntemin etkisinin yanı sıra; problem çözme, gösteri ve doğrudan analoji gibi çeşitli öğretim tekniklerin de nasıl kullanılacağı araştırılmıştır. Araştırmamızın yazımında derleme ve nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden metin analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

The mental models we use to reflect on hypothetical situations present enormous challenges when we consider
the impacts that certain decisions have on human ways of life in complex societies. Deontic logic and the
development of its normative systems lead to an expansion of epistemic degrees and control models over cognitive
processes based on axioms and inferential rules. Deontic theorems are rigorously constructed to address
conditional obligations and prohibitions. One of the most esteemed mental models today is counterfactual
reasoning, a propositional model of conditional statements that is highly relevant in contemporary discourse.
The goal of this paper is to investigate how deontic counterfactual reasoning establishes a special type of
semantics, where human acts are not taken as actual behaviours but as hypothetical models of action. The old
tension between facts and norms, present in legal philosophy under the heading of the naturalistic fallacy, has
posed many challenges for deontic logic and legal theory. Deontic counterfactuals emerge as mental models
employed to overcome this classic accusation, also referred to as illicit inference, by constructing undefeatable
semantic models, here considered as deontically consistent worlds.
KEYWORDS
Deontic logic; conditionals; counterfactual; norms; propositions.

Resumen: Este trabajo recrea la repercusión que el pensamiento de Clovis Bevilaqua y el código civil brasileño de 1916 tuvieron en la Argentina durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. La experiencia se estudia a la luz del contexto de la cultura jurídica de la época y del ambiente de recíproca atención que mantuvieron entonces los operadores jurídicos del Brasil y de la Argentina. Se destaca el hecho de que Bevilaqua y su obra se convirtieron en "autoridad" jurídica entre los argentinos, tanto en el ámbito de la doctrina como en el de la jurisprudencia Palabras clave: Cultura jurídica-Código civil brasileño-Argentina-Derecho comparado-Derecho Contemporáneo. Resumo: Este trabalho recria a repercussão que o pensamento de Clóvis Bevilaqua e o código civil brasileiro de 1916 tiveram na Argentina durante a primeira metade do século XX. A experiência é estudada à luz do contexto da cultura jurídica da época e do ambiente de recíproca atenção que então mantiveram os operadores jurídicos do Brasil e da Argentina. Destaca-se o feito de que Bevilaqua e sua obra se converteram em "autoridade" jurídica entre os argentinos, tanto no âmbito da doutrina como no da jurisprudência. Palavras-chave: Cultura jurídica-Código civil brasileiro-Argentina-Direito comparado-Direito contemporâneo

Endowments (or foundations) are a widespread phenomenon in antiquity. The present work assembles all known ancient Greek endowments from the Classical and Hellenistic periods, presenting the texts in Greek and in translation. The main aim of the volume is to discuss endowments in their political, social, economic, cultural and religious contexts, thus contributing to our understanding of society and economy of these periods.
Endowments were donations or bequests of property whose income was intended to fund specific purposes defined by the donors. The donated property was to be preserved intact, in order to guarantee that the intentions of the sponsor would be served in perpetuity. The recipients of the endowments were usually civic communities, sanctuaries or associations. The book discusses important aspects on the vocabulary and terminology of the endowments, their legal, economic and administrative characteristics, the identity of the donors (Hellenistic kings or private individuals), and the various purposes served by them. This analysis shows that the endowments fall within the broad phenomenon of euergetism that offered benefits to both the endowers and the recipients.
https://media.dav-medien.de/sample/9783515139168_p.pdf

The legal and ethical dimensions in the temple-theology and Zion theology of Jersalem in Psalms and in the Book of Isaiah: The German version will be published in Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte/Journal for Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Law (ZAR) 31, 2025

When I think ... of the law, I see a princess mightier than she who once wrought at Bayeux, eternally weaving into her web dim figures of the ever-lengthening past,-figures too dim to be noticed by the idle, too symbolic to be interpreted except by her pupils, but to the discerning eye disclosing every painful step and every world-shaking contest by which mankind has worked and fought its way from savage isolation to organic social life. 1 This all started with a deceptively simple-sounding pair of questions: "What is legal pragmatism, and is there anything worthwhile in it?" It will end, however, with some not-so-simple answers: "What is called 'legal pragmatism' today is very different from the older style of legal pragmatism traditionally associated with Oliver Wendell Holmes; and there is much that is worthwhile in the conception of law revealed by reading Holmes's 'The Path of the Law' in the light of the philosophy of the classical pragmatist tradition, though less in contemporary legal neo-pragmatism." As I articulate and defend these answers, my reflections on the varieties of pragmatism -philosophical and legal, old and new-will be wrapped around my exploration of the meaning of "The Path of the Law" and the strengths and weaknesses of its arguments. Of late, the word "pragmatism" appears in the titles of books, chapters, and articles on legal philosophy often enough to convey the impression that there must be some kind of renaissance of pragmatism going on among legal scholars. When you look at the contents of those books and articles, though, you are likely to find yourself more than a little confused about just what this apparent renaissance is a renaissance of. Pragmatism, you will read, is simply a "general aversion to theory" (Atiyah, 1987); 3 it is "solving legal problems using every tool that comes to hand,

From a report in the Daily Telegraph about an assistant in a jewelry shop, selling a cross to a customer: "Which sort did you want to look at, Sir? . . . "We've got the plain silver, the plain gold, and the patterned gold. Oh, and we've got some others with a little man on."' From an article in Newsweek about the failed attempt to make a course on Reason and Faith a requirement at Harvard: "' [K]ids need to know the difference between a Sunni and a Shia' is something you hear a lot." 2 I have no pretensions to be a historian, or even a philosopher, of religion; nor am I a religious person, but a cheerful atheist. Nonetheless,

In an article published the following year, Professor Allen commented that, with Daubert, the Supreme Court had "replaced a judicial anachronism [Frye] with a philosophical one [Popper]." 6 It's a nice one-liner, and there is an element of truth in it. Forwhile for decades Popper was not only enormously influential in philosophy of science (though, interestingly, less so in the United States than elsewhere), but also much admired by some important scientists of the day -by the time Daubert came down, the year before his death at the age of ninety-three, he was no longer the major player he had once been. The English edition of his Logic of Scientific Discovery first appeared in 1959.7 Since that time, numerous rivals to his falsificationist approach had found supporters: Thomas Kuhn's picture of routine, "normal" science conducted under a ruling paradigm, and the overturning and replacement of an old paradigm by a new in periods of "revolutionary" science (1962); 8 Imre Lakatos's post-Kuhnian, quasi-Popperian attempt to distinguish progressive from degenerating research programs (1965);9 Paul Feyerabend's methodological anarchism (1975);10 and, more recently, the many and various more or less radical styles of "science studies," and the first of four indicia of reliability (now known as the "Daubert factors") suggested in the ruling: whether the theory or technique at issue can be (and has been) tested; the known or potential error-rate; whether the work has been subjected to peer review and publication; and (in a nod to Frye) acceptance in the relevant scientific community. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94.

October 2017) in honor of the publication of Professor Brian Z. Tamanaha's book A Realistic Theory of Law (2017). I hope it will be apparent, without my needing to dwell on them, that there are important affinities and points of connection between his approach and my own. ** Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts & Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, Professor of Law, University of Miami. I would like to thank Mark Migotti for helpful comments on a draft; Andrea Meroi for information about the use of juries in certain provinces of Argentina; Damiano Canale for references to European legal scholarship; André de Tienne for correspondence about the dating of Peirce's sketch of the "labyrinth of signs"; and Barbara Cuadras, Pamela Lucken, Bianca Anderson, and Nicholas Mignanelli of the University of Miami Law Library for their help in finding materials and putting references in the correct form. 1.

This article investigates the difficult interface between metropolitan legal reform and empire in the late 1820s. In 1828, the Supreme Court of New South Wales sentenced dozens of men to death under legislation that had been repealed in Britain. It then insisted that every one of them be set free. This mess raised a fundamental question agitated in different ways around the empire in that decade: to what degree should colonial subjects enjoy the benefits of modernized metropolitan criminal law? Even as successive local and metropolitan Acts imposed new constraints on the civil rights of convicts in New South Wales, the Supreme Court insisted that even the most notorious recidivists in the colony should be protected against the Bloody Code from the moment it was reformed at home. In doing so, the court ignored the terms of section 1 of the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act passed at the request of a former East India Company officer to preserve the operation of the Code in India. Thus the peculiar reception controversy in New South Wales shows not only how disruptive metropolitan reform could be for colonies, it performed a growing racial gap in the imagination of legal subjecthood in different corners of empire.

Sharon L. Jansen\u27s study of women and popular resistance in the reign of Henry VIII is an important work that breaks new ground and will be of value to a wide range of scholars. It is scrupulously well researched and shows a thorough grounding in the secondary literature on the politics of early Tudor England, women\u27s history, and feminist theory. Jansen focuses on four women, all of whom were executed for treason in the reign of Henry VIII: Elizabeth Wood, Margaret Cheyne, Elizabeth Barton, and Mabel Brigge. Yet none of these women had posed a direct, physical threat to the king. They had taken no part in armed rebellion. The government of Henry VIII, however, perceived them as a threat to stability of the realm. While Jansen admits that it is difficult to separate politics from religion in the reign of Henry VIII, her study examines women whose protest emphasized concerns about legitimate authority and rightful rule. (She does not, for example, include Anne Askew in her stud...

Jack Chambers, co-owner of Eva Downs Station in the Northern Territory, had an argument with his Aboriginal cook, Dolly Ross. That morning, Ross had refused to prepare breakfast for her fellow Aboriginal pastoral workers because she said she was ill. Chambers claimed that Dolly was malingering because she had quarrelled with her husband. After the argument, Dolly, her husband Jim and a minor named Munro left the station. Chambers claimed that he had ordered them off the property. The Ross family testified that they had left in protest when Chambers threatened to 'liven up' Dolly if she did not do her work. Later that morning, Jack Chambers, Colin Chambers, manager Jack Britt, and stockmen George Booth and Francis Booth rode out from the station either to muster cattle or to pursue the Ross family. Either motive was possible: there were cattle to be mustered and all hands were needed on deck. The two parties met on the road a kilometre from Eva Downs. Their stories about what happened next differ fundamentally. The Chambers brothers claimed that Dolly and her family blocked the road and aggressively brandished sticks and boomerangs. Dolly, Jim and Munro said that the Chambers party attempted to run them down and that they held up their swags to deflect the horses. Whatever occurred, their confrontation ended in Jim Ross's beating and the repeated horsewhipping of all three. They were then driven back towards the station. Just inside the homestead gate, the party was confronted by two Aboriginal stockmen, Isaac Isaacs and Dinny McDinny, who, by all accounts, had come to defend the Ross family against the violence of their employers. The Chambers brothers attested at trial, Isaac attempted to 'belt' Jack Chambers with an iron bar. George Booth then fired two revolver shots over their heads,

Translation from italian to portuguese. Original title: " Proprietà e cittadinanza nell’europa moderna: una mappa tematica"

Sabemos todos (ou pensamos saber) o que significa “propriedade”. Não parece tão transparente, por sua vez, a expressão “cidadania”, cuja área semântica foi recentemente ampliada. Na sua hodierna e mais densa acepção, o termo “cidadania” pode ser empregado para indicar a relação entre o indivíduo e a comunidade política. Tal redefinição do termo “cidadania” cobre uma lacuna no nosso léxico político-jurídico e realiza uma função heuristicamente preciosa (para o historiador, para o sociólogo), enquanto permite realizar a análise de um aspecto decisivo da experiência (o nexo indivíduo-comunidade política) para dar “nome” a algo em relação a que não dispomos de termos alternativos. Nesta perspectiva, analisar a relação entre propriedade e cidadania significa considerar a propriedade sub specie civitatis, ou seja, assumi-la como momento de uma relação que tem em um extremo o indivíduo e no outro a comunidade política, estudá-la como um dos componentes da relação política fundamental. Certamente, podemos dar por demonstrada a hipótese de que, em geral, a propriedade tenha um papel relevante na formação e na consolidação da ordem político-jurídica moderna. A verificação historiograficamente pontual dessa hipótese, porém, parece ainda um objetivo de pesquisa tão promissor quanto complexo. Esta pediria, para ser realizada, uma ampla análise seja da economia como do Direito, seja da sociedade como dos saberes políticos e jurídicos. A respeito de tal “programa geral”, as considerações que tentarei desenvolver serão bem mais modestas. Em primeiro lugar, verterão sobre a propriedade não como objeto “global”, mas como tema de estratégias discursivas e de representações culturais. Em segundo lugar, renunciarão a recognições aproximativas dos textos, visando oferecer um simples mapa daqueles “lugares” do discurso moderno da cidadania,  nos quais a propriedade teve um papel particularmente significativo.

O presente estudo se debruça sobre o fenômeno denominado “Grande naturalização”, medida que previa a naturalização em massa de todos os estrangeiros residentes no Brasil na data da Proclamação da República. Tal medida gerou protestos de diversas nações, que alegavam uma suposta interferência do Brasil, eis que a maioria destes países previa a perda da cidadania original por parte daqueles que adquirissem uma nova cidadania. Em tempos mais recentes, a Avvocatura dello Stato italiano aplicou a tese de que parte dos descendentes de imigrantes italianos no Brasil não teria o direito à cidadania italiana jure sanguinis, pois seus antepassados teriam perdido o vínculo da cidadania por decorrência da Grande naturalização. O tema chegou à Corte di Cassazione italiana, que
afastou a aplicação da tal tese sob o fundamento de que a cidadania não poderia ser renunciada tacitamente. Ante este cenário, através de metodologias próprias da historiografia jurídica e com base na técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, busca-se responder ao seguinte questionamento: à luz do direito internacional e da recente decisão da Corte di Cassazione, existiria, na época dos fatos, normativas internacionais que impedissem medidas como a Grande naturalização de surtir efeito? O estudo validou a hipótese, no sentido de que o princípio da efetividade, aplicado ao caso, limitaria o poder dos Estados de interferir nos vínculos de nacionalidade e, caso isso ocorresse, a consequência seria a irrelevância de tal normativa no âmbito internacional.

This MA seminar introduces the interconnected global history of family, law, and democracy in the 'long' twentieth century. It is organized jointly by Dr. Jana Tschurenev and Dr. Razak Khan for the research group Democractising the Family? Gender Equality, Parental Rights and Child Welfare in Contemporary Global History, with individual sessions being led by other research group members. The seminar introduces key concepts and debates around diverse and changing (post-)modern families across several legal, political and economic systems. This includes regional perspectives from South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh), Eastern (Poland and East Germany) and Western Europe (West Germany, UK), and Latin America (Brazil). We will explore these diverse regions within a comparative history framework, and within shared global policy environments, constituted by inter-and supranational bodies (such as the UN, or the Council of Europe). The different case studies covered in the seminar will bring issues of colonialism, communism, liberalism, and legal pluralism into conversation. We will study how family lawespecially the regulation of the relationships between parents and their childrenevolved and became a site where issues around democracy, religious diversity, secularization, and gender equality were renegotiated. This place the institution of the family at the intersection of the realms of privacy, intimacy, care, and the wider public spheres of law, politics, and the state. Can we speak of tendencies towards the democratization of the family or, instead, of legalization and intensified regulation? The reading material will include primary and secondary literature from the diverse regions and introduce students to approaches from gender and sexuality studies, legal history and global intellectual history approaches. Students will gain insight from different regional specialists working under the shared theme of family, law, and democracy.

This article examines the representation of robots in two albums from the Belgian comic series Suske en Wiske: De wolkeneters (1961) and Tedere Tronica (1968). We analyse how Willy Vandersteen depicts robots in relation to broader cultural and technological developments of the twentieth century.

Compared to other science fiction expressions of the period, such as the work of Isaac Asimov and Philip K. Dick, the robots in Suske and Wiske are not portrayed merely as functional machines or threats, but as characters with deeper philosophical and social significance. This fits within a broader trend in pop culture, in which technology is seen not only as progress, but also as a reflection of human shortcomings.

The study places the comic in the context of technological society, as described by Jacques Ellul (1955), and compares Vandersten's work with other Western and Eastern comics, such as Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy. While Japanese manga emphasises the human side of robots, in the Western tradition they more often remain caricatures or instrumental figures.

By analysing the robots in Suske and Wiske, this article shows how comics as a cultural medium can explore complex themes about technology, humanity and ethics, contributing to the social debate on artificial intelligence and the role of machines in society.

Po roku 1945 przedwojennych wątków w życiorysach uczonych, którzy zdecydowali się opuścić miasto nad Pełtwią, nie tuszowano wprawdzie, ale również niechętnie je eksponowano. Nad tymi zaś, którzy odmówili "repatriacji" i pozostali w granicach ówczesnego ZSRR, spuszczono zasłonę milczenia 2 . Impas na tym polu przełamały fragmenty monografii prof. Jana Kodrębskiego zatytułowanej Prawo rzymskie w Polsce w XIX wieku 3 . Poruszone w niej wątki "lwowskie" doskonale rozwinęła następnie Renata Wiaderna-Kuśnierz w studium Prawo Rzymskie na Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie w okresie międzywojennym (1918-1939) 4 . Autorka dotarła do wielu niezbadanych archiwaliów i z nadzwyczajną skrupulatnością odtworzyła historię romanistyki lwowskiej w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej. Jej ustalenia uzupełniają wyniki prac innych uczonych. Na temat dydaktyki m.in. we Lwowie pisała Bożena Czech-Jezierska 5 , a Krzysztof Szczygielski zebrał imponującą liczbę publikacji poświęconych zagadnieniom związanym z prawem rzymskim i historią praw starożytnych z lat 1900-1945 6 . Do grona uczonych polskich, którzy przyglądają się dziejom romanistyki lwowskiej, należy Grzegorz Nancka, autor m.in. naukowej biografii Marcelego Chlamtacza 7 . Niniejszym ocenie poddana zostanie kolejna jego monografia: W poszukiwaniu nowych kierunków badawczych. Prawo rzymskie na łamach "Przeglądu Prawa i Administracji" w latach 1876-1939. Jej konstrukcja jest ciekawa. Autor nie przyjął bowiem optyki "żabiej" (wnioskowanie o stanie 2

Lançar um olhar sobre o Medievo é uma aventura de desfecho imprevisível. Julgado e condenado pela Modernidade, ele ainda sobrevive no imaginário popular como a Idade das Trevas, em oposição ao período que lhe sobreveio e que dissipou, pela luz da razão, a escuridão. Período desconhecido (e que não merece ser explorado), ele remete, perante o senso comum, à introspecção, ao afastamento e ao misterioso. O Medievo, entretanto, está muito distante das imagens que lamentavelmente vinculadas a ele mantêm a soberba pretensão de defini-lo. Um olhar mais detido revela uma riqueza incontrolável e, eventualmente, semelhanças incômodas com nosso tempo. A singularidade e a identidade do Medievo surpreendem não apenas pela sua pujança, mas especialmente pelos incontáveis pontos de contato com nossa realidade ou ainda pelos desdobramentos determinantes para nossa realidade, o que levou alguns medievalistas a considerar, inclusive, uma longa Idade Média, não encerrada na periodização que tradicionalmente aponta seu fim. São justamente as rupturas e continuidades entre o medieval e o moderno que ensejaram a concepção desta obra. Para além de uma simples periodização convencional e didática, embora questionável, há uma indiscutível complexidade nessa transição que, contrariando conclusões precipitadas, não pode ser lida pela ótica binária da negação (ou ruptura), mas, paradoxalmente, não pode ser compreendida adequadamente por uma ingênua leitura que exalta a linearidade. Então o quê? Ao fazer uma incursão nos mais diversos temas que ressaltam as características do momento em questão, a saber, política, direito, religião, história, literatura, antropologia, filosofia, procura-se oferecer ao leitor subsídios para a construção de um quadro mais fiel ao momento e, assim, evidenciar algumas das sutilezas que permeiam um período, absolutamente determinantes para os tempos posteriores. A presente coletânea também apresenta os resultados de um esforço coletivo realizado ao longo de cinco anos no âmbito de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a história do pensamento jurídico entre Medievo e Modernidade, desenvolvido por três diferentes núcleos de pesquisadores, ou seja, o Grupo de Pesquisa em Filosofia do Estado e do Direito (Direitos Humanos: raízes e asas) da UFMG, o Grupo de Pesquisa em História da Cultura Jurídica (Ius Commune) da UFSC e por pesquisadores da Universidade de Florença, na Itália, e da Universidade de Barcelona, na Espanha, todos especialmente convidados para ampliar e aprofundar as perspectivas do debate sobre esta importante passagem entre duas eras da história do direito e do Estado.

In this essay I defend two arguments. The first one is that William Blackstone would not be a supporter of the fact that judicial precedents would be merely persuasive, as it is widely said; on the contrary, he defends their authority and bindingness despite of the fact that he did not provide a clear criterion for deciding when not to follow them. The second argument is that Jeremy Bentham was never a supporter of a strong constrain of judicial precedents and that, in the maturity of his thinking (with his proposal of the Pannomion, that is, a complete body of laws that ought to replace the common law), he ended by denying any authority to precedents. This will be useful to criticize a wellknown thesis among scholars, defended by Jim Evans, according to which Bentham's ideas would be one of the historical causes for the origin of modern doctrine of stare decisis in England.

Opinnäytetyössä tarkastellaan Poliisin ja Puolustusvoimien välistä virka-apua, sen eri muotoja, sekä turvallisuusympäristön muuttumisen mukanaan tuomia paineita yhteistyön kehittämiseen. Lähteinä on käytetty asiaan liittyvää lainsäädäntöä, oikeuskirjallisuutta, lainvalmisteluasiakirjoja, puolustusministeriön julkaisuja, poliisin operatiivisia ohjeita ja lisäksi on haastateltu Poliisin ja Puolustusvoimien puolelta asiantuntijoita, joilla molemmilla on käytännön kokemusta Poliisin ja Puolustusvoimien yhteistyöstä liittyen virka-apuihin. Opinnäytetyön teoriaosan tarkoituksena on avata tarkemmin virka-apu yhteistyön sisältöä ja sitä, miten virka-avun antaminen ja toteuttaminen käytännössä tapahtuu molempien osapuolien tahoilla, sekä millainen tilanneorganisaatio virka-apu tilanteissa rakentuu ja kuinka päätöksenteko hoidetaan. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa käytettiin kvalitatiivista tutkimusotetta ja aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluiden avulla. Teemahaastatteluiden tarkoituksena ol...

La expansión hispana hacia los territorios septentrionales de América causó una larga y hostil confrontación con las sociedades nativas que ahí habitaban. Estos conflictos, conocidos como guerra Chichimeca, cesaron mayormente en la década de 1590. Para alcanzar y mantener la pacificación de estas zonas, fue decisivo el papel de los capitanes protectores, responsables de que los indios permanecieran asentados, recibiendo justicia y suministros para su manutención, mientras asimilaban las formas civiles y cristianas. Este artículo pretende mostrar, de manera general, el origen de este cargo en el norte de Nueva España y en particular en la zona de la Sierra Gorda, hasta 1680, destacando los continuos ajustes por los que atravesó, hasta un momento en que su desempeño cayó en cierta decadencia. Mediante ello, quedará manifiesta una creciente brecha entre las obligaciones propias del oficio y su práctica.