International Law

The chapters in this book emanated from a shared discomfort amongst contributing authors about a mismatch between the current fashionable focus on individual (criminal) responsibility, exemplified by the mushroom of international criminal tribunals, on the one hand, and the dominant role oflarger collective entities in situations of system criminality, on the other. The book has sought to reflect on ways to better address the forms and manifestations of system criminality. In this final chapter, we will recapitulate the dynamics of system criminality as these have been analysed in this book (section I) and summarize the power and limitations of the various forms of international responsibility in regard to system criminality (section II). We then will reflect on two cross-cutting themes: the relationship between the separate forms of international responsibility (section III) and the objectives that we may realistically ascribe to international responsibility in situations of system criminality (section IV). We conclude with some final observations (section V). The search for a more adequate framework of responsibility in regard to situations of system criminality requires an understanding of the dynamics of system criminality. In the first two chapters of this book Kelman and Punch paint a penetrating and disturbing picture of how organizations may breed mass criminality. Whereas Kelman focuses expressly on mass atrocities which are the main topic of this book, Punch

Il design sta assumendo sempre maggiore importanza come mezzo per differenziare i prodotti e per aumentarne il valore. Al tempo stesso, la rapidità con cui un prodotto viene proposto sul mercato dipende dalla capacità di integrare il design nel processo di produzione. Tuttavia, molte PMI «in particolare le nuove imprese a prevalenza tecnologica» mancano di competenze specializzate per la gestione del design, e spesso non dedicano abbastanza attenzione a questo aspetto. L'industria automobilistica, e le grandi società come la Philips e la Braun, gestiscono e misurano l'impatto del design come strumento innovativo. Per le PMI la gestione della creatività e del design è allo stesso stadio in cui si trovavano le tecnologie CAD/CAM dieci anni fa. Solo ora si comincia a risentire il valore commerciale di tali metodi. Negli ultimi anni, le imprese industriali che sono alla vanguardia nella produzione di certi prodotti, cominciano a sperimentare una forte concorrenza che non è altre...

This research explores the influence and impact of international organisations on the development and formation of customary international law. It specifically examines the 2018 Draft Conclusions issued by the International Law Commission (ILC). This paper has observed the implications of these findings on the evolution of peremptory norms, also known as jus cogens, and clarifies the scientific approaches used in their identification and legal consequences. Moreover, it emphasises alternative methodologies within the realm of humanitarian action in influencing customary international law. Research offers a thorough comprehension of which international organisations contribute to the development of customary international law. The (ILC)'s 2018 Draft Conclusions shape customary international law by defining peremptory norms (jus cogens). State practice and opinio juris produce conventional rules, as these findings show. They also help evaluate governmental announcements, official publications, legal opinions, and diplomatic exchanges. These results must be assessed for compliance with customary law, state practice, and state behaviour. Alternative analyses like humanitarian intervention and R2P also shape customary international law.

IntroductionThe recent increase in so-called "mass" investment treaty claims involving Argentina, the Czech Republic, and Spain put multipartite arbitration in the spotlight. Specifically, considerable attention has been dedicated to whether dozens, if not thousands, of claimants should be permitted to bring their claim in one set of proceedings when a single hostState is involved.While investment arbitration involving several claimants is common and considered de facto acceptable,1 the question of whether a very high number of claimants can bring their claims together has not been asked or debated until recently. Strikingly, the question of whether such disputes should necessarily be litigated together has not yet been given the same importance.In this paper, the authors consider arbitral practice in respect of multipartite arbitration, but also dedicate special focus to the factual and legal circumstances that may arise to alter whether it is efficient and fair to contin...

49 Under Title VII, a plaintiff must file his claim with the EEOC within 180 days of the alleged violation, or within 300 days if there has been deferral to a state or local agency. Following notice of his right to sue from the EEOC, the Title VII plaintiff must bring suit within 90 days. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-( )(e)-(f. Under section 1981, which does not impose its own limitation period, the plaintiff must proceed under the limit imposed by the most appropriate state statute, such as personal injury and contract claims statutes. Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, 421 U.S. 454, 462 (1975). 50 413 U.S. 634 (1973). 51 Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 (1976); In re Grifliths, 413 U.S. 717 (1973); Takahashi v. Fish & Game Comm'n, 334 U.S. 410 (1948).

The Western Sahara conflict represents one of Africa's most protracted territorial disputes, with deep historical roots that continue to shape contemporary geopolitical dynamics. Understanding this complex background is essential for comprehending the problematic nature of SADR's membership in the African Union.

The following sections will provide a detailed analysis of the historical background, legal frameworks, and geopolitical dynamics surrounding this complex issue, leading to concrete recommendations for African Union officials to take decisive action in correcting this anomaly and restoring the organization's credibility on the global stage.

This notable conference on compelling issues regarding opening up the transatlantic air transport market was a cooperative effort of The Dean Rusk Center—International, Comparative and Graduate Legal Studies at the University of Georgia School of Law, the Institute for European Studies at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, and the Institute of Continuing Legal Education in Georgia. Charles Hunnicutt, Robins, Kaplan,

Recent experience reminds us the United States is anything but immune to the effects of major natural disasters; in 2012 Hurricane Sandy demolished the entire eastern seaboard, impacted 24 states and caused $50 billion to $68 billion of damage.' As natural disasters occur with increasing frequency, there is growing interest and scholarship in disaster relief governance. Empirical research regarding the mechanisms of post-disaster local governance is therefore timely given the scale and magnitude of suffering involved. The findings presented in this article draw on the attitudes and perceptions of practitioners working in disaster response fields to provide us with insights into the dynamics, challenges and lessons learned from the perspective of those directly engaged in the work of post-disaster relief. The principal finding of this paper, based on survey data and follow-up questions with 96 humanitarian aid practitioners, is that there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of "peer" engagement with local residents and the

Mounting pubic interest concerns associated with investor-state arbitration have influenced the drafting of contemporary investment treaties including the requirement for transparency. Investor-state mediation is nevertheless a pre-arbitration dispute resolution method that if successful, obviates the need for further investor-state arbitration, but in most cases is confidential. This article argues that reconciling the freedom of expression facilitated through confidential mediation communications and the public interest in transparency is a delicate balance to strike. Cases do exist of effective transparent public sector mediated outcomes at the domestic level with high rates of compliance. Yet, successfully mediated cases have also relied on a high degree of discretion given trade secrets, sensitive government protocols, and policy concerns. In light of the above factors, it is suggested that as the process becomes more fully established, familiarity gained, expertise developed a...

Abstract:
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This is the verified complaint filed by Perkins Coie LLP in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on February 27, 2025, naming Donald J. Trump and MAGA Inc. as defendants. The firm alleges that Trump’s repeated public statements — including targeted social media attacks — have incited harassment, threats, and potential violence against the firm and its attorneys. Perkins Coie seeks injunctive relief and a declaration that such conduct is unlawful under federal and D.C. law. This filing has sparked widespread attention, including from hundreds of large law firms that have signed onto an amicus brief in support. This document is central to understanding the tensions between the right to critique the legal profession and the responsibilities of powerful firms in shaping our justice system.

Hindistan, bölgelsel liderlik için coğrafi konumu, yüzöl
çümü, nüfusu, jeopolitik güç, nükleer askeri güç ve küresel gü
cün yanı sıra uzay gücüne de sahip olmalıdır. Geçmişte Sovyetler
Birliği’nin desteği ile uzaya ilk uydusunu 1975 yılında gönde
ren Hindistan, Rusya’yı dost bir ülke ve önemli bir ittifak üyesi  de görmektedir. Hindistan, 2050 yılına koyduğu hedef olarak
belirlediği küresel lider ülke amacına uygun uzaya yönelik ça
lışmalarını arttırmıştır. Bu bölümde küresel güç seviyesine ula
şabilme açısından uzay liginde uzay gücü olmak, askerî açıdan
savunması, uluslararası ve bölgesel alanda caydırıcılığını arttır
mak bakımından Hindistan’ın uzay faaliyetleri ele alınacaktır.

Öz: Dataizm ve veri adaleti, teknoloji dünyasında birbirine zıt iki paradigma haline gelmiş durumdadır. Dataizm genellikle kişisel verilerin toplanması ve optimizasyonunun aralıksız takibiyle ilişkilendirilir. Veriye dayalı karar vermenin, otomasyonun ve teknolojinin toplumsal ilerlemeye yol açacağı anlayışıyla karakterize edilir. Bu nedenle dataizm savunucuları, verimlilik, kolaylık ve yenilik umuduyla ne kadar çok veri toplanır ve işlenirse hayatlarımızın o kadar iyi olacağını iddia etmektedirler. Fakat veri adaleti anlayışı, ilkesiz bir veri toplayıcılığına kesinlikle tezat bir fikri savunmaktadır. Veri ekosisteminde adalet, eşitlik ve bireysel hakların ve mahremiyetin korunması ilkelerine dayanması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Dolayısıyla veri adaleti savunucuları, veriyle ilgili eşitsizliklerin, algoritmalardaki önyargı ve ayrımcılık potansiyelinin ve bireylerin refahı pahasına gözetim veya kâr amacıyla verilerin kötüye kullanılmasının ciddiyetle dikkate alınması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadırlar. Bu makalede, veri merkezli yaklaşımların etik ve sosyal sonuçlarını irdeleyerek bu iki paradigma arasındaki gerilimi araştırılmıştır. Veriye dayalı verimlilik ile bireysel ve toplumsal hakların korunması arasındaki dengeler hakkında soruları gündeme getirilmiştir. Verilerin hayatımızda giderek daha merkezi bir rol oynadığı bir çağda, vericilik veya veri toplayıcılığa karşı veri adaleti perspektiflerini anlamak ve uzlaştırmak, daha adil ve sorumlu bir veri geleceğini şekillendirmek için hayati önem taşımaktadır.

Section 69 of the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) criminalizes sexual intercourse obtained through deceitful means, including false promises of marriage without intent to fulfill them, false promises of employment or promotion, and marriage after suppressing identity. However, this section poses significant contradictions to other provisions, including Section 68 of the BNS, and raises concerns regarding its constitutionality. Furthermore, it introduces an ambiguity-if a false promise leading to sexual intercourse is illegal, does that imply a true promise under similar circumstances is legal? This paper critically analyzes Section 69 in relation to other legal provisions and constitutional principles, highlighting its potential misuse, vagueness, and inconsistency with fundamental rights. Literature Review A significant issue raised in the literature concerns the definition of "deceitful means," which Section 69 uses to describe fraudulent conduct leading to sexual intercourse. While the section clearly mentions false promises of marriage, it also expands the scope to include other types of deceit, such as false claims about employment or promotion, as explained in the section's "Explanation" clause.

The debate about whether international law is fragmented or coherent is no arid discussion. If fragmentation is in the ascendancy, many commentators argue that something needs to be done. It is, of course, vital for the success of any legal system to achieve some level of predictability and certainty and to consistently deliver comprehensive justice. A legal system must, first and foremost, be a justice system, if there is any point to its existence. If it is not, then there may be another debate about whether it may be called a ‘legal’ system or a ‘justice’ system at all. I will review the debate between various leading commentators and analyse their proposals. My review of a number of different aspects and areas of international law shows that although fragmentation is apparent, the level of coherence in international law is far more surprising than fragmentation, which is inevitable, just as it is in the development of national law in, say, a federal polity. Just when internation...

In this post, ICRC’s legal adviser for Islamic law and jurisprudence, Ahmed Al-Dawoody and ICRC Associate Medha Damojipurapu examine some of the contributions of Islamic law to the development of the Additional Protocols, as well as the motivations for ratification by Muslim-majority states. They maintain that studying these perspectives can support humanitarian organizations to effectively communicate and anchor the protection owed to people affected by armed conflict during their dialogue in relevant contexts.

The authors explore the reasons causing decreasing of competitiveness of education in Russia in the international educational industry. Their analysis is based on methodological principles of educational philosophy and competitiveness science. The authors formulate the reasons of education in Russia recession. Their formulations are based on the idea that the main goal of education assumes training a competitive individual able to perform social roles. The authors consider the main reasons as follows: inconformity of education quality to international standards and principles “longlife education” and “from age to degree”; lack of transparent state educational policy; partial non-continuous vertical and horizontal connections of education and science, industry and technologies and sometimes not legitimate image made by mass-media of Russia. The authors suggest measures able to improve the situation.На основе методологических принципов философии образования и конкурентологии авторы ис...

Abstract:                                                                                                                                   
..............................................................................................................................
This document, submitted as Exhibit C in response to ODC File No. 24-01883, contains the foundational Statement of Faith adopted by the Church of the Gardens in 2015. It outlines the Church’s belief system and the theological framework that informs its legal ministry — including the conviction that confronting systemic corruption and injustice is a sacred duty.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The Statement affirms that faith is not confined to private prayer or ritual, but must be lived out through active resistance to institutional wrongdoing and defense of those who are oppressed. For the Church of the Gardens, legal advocacy is one such act of faith.                                                                 
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

This document is published to demonstrate that my representation of individuals like the Niczyporuks was not incidental or commercial — it was central to my role as a Church Advocate, serving under a religious mission. It is offered here as part of a transparent record of ecclesiastical purpose and professional integrity.

Abstract:.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
This document is submitted as Exhibit D to my preliminary responses in ODC File No. 24-01883. It contains the official Bylaws of the Church of the Gardens, a faith-based organization founded in 2015 to carry out a spiritual mission of justice, truth-telling, and advocacy for the vulnerable — especially in matters of law and government ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The Bylaws articulate the Church’s ecclesiastical structure, including the role of the Church Advocate — an officer authorized to advance the Church’s mission through legal representation. These Bylaws make clear that the Church’s legal work is a form of religious ministry, grounded in conscience rather than commerce.                                                                           
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

By publishing this exhibit, I invite readers to reflect on the proper relationship between church and state, and to consider whether legal arguments rooted in religious belief — and expressed through lawful representation — can or should be the basis for professional discipline.

Este trabajo intenta desentrañar las consecuencias que el terrorismo produjo en el sistema de derecho internacional, principalmente luego del 11 de septiembre, desde una óptica jurídica. Partiendo de estos ataques analizamos la conducta de estos Estados como sujetos fundadores y miembros de un sistema de derecho internacional, y si esta conducta viola o no las normas de este sistema legal. Nuestro análisis toma como base, principalmente, las normas generales integrantes de la Carta de Naciones Unidas, con especial observación en las Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad con respecto a este tema (fundamentalmente las de estos últimos cuatro años). Recuérdese que por las Resoluciones 1368 (2001) y 1373 (2001), el Consejo de Seguridad le ha otorgado a estos ataques el carácter de "ataque armado", habilitando, de esta manera, el instituto de la "legítima defensa", uno de los principios generales de la Carta. En este artículo planteamos una abierta violación a reglas ...

Abstract:  Since Russia’s invasion in 2022, Ukraine has pioneered a revolutionary approach to warfare through its "Wings and Waves" drone strategy, leveraging millions of aerial drones ("Wings") and hundreds of maritime drones ("Waves") to counter a conventionally superior adversary. This study examines how Ukraine’s scalable, cost-effective drone ecosystem—producing 4 million units annually by 2025—has redefined the Russia-Ukraine War’s trajectory, sinking 25–27 Russian ships, inflicting 70% of equipment losses, and securing $23 billion in grain exports. From the Kursk incursion (August 2024–March 2025) to the Black Sea campaign (2022–2025), drones shifted Ukraine from a defensive posture to an offensive force, forcing Russia’s naval retreat and straining its $200 billion oil economy. Economically, the $10–$15 billion drone industry emerged as a wartime lifeline, with export potential of $20–$30 billion, though sustainability hinges on manpower, resources, and Western aid amidst shifting policies. Globally, Ukraine’s model influences NATO and smaller nations, offering a blueprint for asymmetric warfare while raising proliferation risks. Looking forward, next-generation technologies (hypersonic, stealth, AI swarms) and underwater capabilities promise further dominance, contingent on outpacing Russia’s countermeasures and securing funding. This research underscores drones as a paradigm shift, blending tactical innovation with strategic and geopolitical impact.

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is one of the most attractive investment destinations with the highest degree of openness and the strongest economic vitality in China. This paper phases out the current state and prospect of environmental regulation in the GBA, especially unscramble the risks of environmental infringement and the benefits of proactively taking environmental responsibility from the standpoint of multinational corporations. Within the applicable environmental stipulates in international investment arbitration, the problems of the domestic environmental legislation, justice and governance include legislation gaps, professional barriers to the application of provisions in the judiciary, and the breadth of administrative powers. The underlying causes of these risks include the complexity of the environmental litigation triad, the unpredictability of the transition policies, and the all-encompassing developing of international investment arbitration. Against thi...

This paper is dedicated to the gender analysis of the Global Compact on safe, orderly and regular migration since 2018. In the past 30 years, research within migration has also included an analysis of gender and gender inequalities. The inclusion of gender and the principles of gender responsibility in the Compact indicates the determination of the states to include the experiences of women and men in their legal systems. The paper raises questions such as whether gender is integrated into the Compact and, if so, in what way, and what positive and negative effects it will have on the migration of women. The lack of gender analysis through all the principles and goals of the Compact indicates outdated understanding of gender. Such perspectives do not create a fundamental change at the state level. This paper will point out the current as well as future impacts of the Compact on women and men in the process of global mobility. The work of the International Migration Network and the re...

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), sometime referred to as female circumcision is one of the deeply rooted traditional and cultural practices which long existed in Liberia and the African continent. Various forms of the practice are still prevalent amongst a number of ethnic groups in Liberia. FGM is regarded as sensitive topic because of the high degree of secrecy surrounding its performance. In an attempt to study the practice of FGM in the Paynesville community, a standard questionnaire was administered to a sample size of 409 females in eight communities in Paynesville. The communities chosen were ELWA Community, Joe Bar, and 72nd, Jacob Town, Red Light/Gobachop, Pipeline, Soul Clinic, and Cocoa Cola Factory. Out of the 409 female interviewed, result of the study revealed that 43.03% (176) of the female interviewed practiced FGM. Ethnic groups that have the highest positive respondents included the Gbandi, Kpelle, Gio, Lorma, Vai, Mano, Bassa and Kissi. The Americo-Liberians, Kru, Sarpo and Grebo ethnic groups represented the highest negative respondents to the practice of FGM. A large proportion of the respondents was strongly against the practice of FGM for reasons ranging from painfulness of the act, difficulty during deliver, social, religious, physical and psychological trauma including fistula. Notwithstanding, some were supportive of the practice because of strong traditional influence and belief that it is part of their cultural heritage.

In Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter has agreed that members of the United Nations must not intervene in internal affairs of another country, and sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries must be respected. Now in Syria, ISIL terrorist group is committed crimes against Shiites with the involvement of Western and Arabic countries, most of which are permanent members of the Security Council. Crimes that deprive peace, security and the right to life, causing disruption to international and regional peace and security must be prosecuted not to witness the occurrence of such crimes. Killings committed by terrorist groups against Shiites in Syria are genocide under Article 6 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court and lack of attention to crimes committed by terrorist groups in international institutions such as the International Criminal Court continues to bring chaos for the international community and are the unpleasant results resulting from weakness of courts and international organizations including the UN Security Council.

One of the basic and fundamental rights of persons who are under investigation, prosecution and trial to ensure the fairness of the trial is the right of access to counseling and legal assistance as well as having the attorney that should be provided from the beginning of the penal process. This right has been clearly asserted in the international documents and regulations. The observance of this right is necessary not only in the national courts but also in the international courts. One of the international courts is the international criminal court that has been established to address international crimes. The objectives to study Identify the role and position of the attorney in the international criminal court As one of the fundamental rights of the accused and suspects and to evaluate its regulation from the view point of international documents. This study is an applied research and in descriptive method. The required information was collected with documentation and Library. By studying the regulation of the international criminal court it becomes clear that the mentioned authority has differentiated between the suspected and the accused and in both cases, it recognizes the existence of the attorney as necessary. In line with this, it emphasizes the right of victims to have legal assistance. Therefore, with the general review of the court's regulation and the international documents it might be stated that despite the existence of shortcomings in the court's regulation, the mentioned regulations and rules are more progressive compared to the international documents.

Се почестите појави на елементарни непогоди на територијата на Република Македонија покрај за човекот претставуваат опасност и за материјалните добра. Недвижното културно наследство како дел од материјалните добра на државата е изложено на опасност од негово уништување или оштетување при појава на елементарни непогоди. Поради тоа неопходно е увидување на најчестите видови на елементарни непогоди кои би го загрозиле овој вид на наследство, како и мапирање и елаборирање на критичи места за полесно и поефикасно превенирање и справување со ваквите опасности и загрозувања. Клучни зборови: недвижно културно наследство, елементарни непогоди, Република Македонија, мапирање, елаборирањ

Why do our societies still accept and even perpetuate human rights violations? The first part of this paper discusses why individuals respect or do not respect other people's rights. Disrespect for rights emerges, among other factors, from persistent inequality that creates moral exclusion and, consequently, promotes the invisibility and demonization of those who struggle for their rights. The second part of this paper explores the role of civil society, which, with its variety of interests, provides for a plural discourse, publicizes injustice, protects private space, interacts directly with legal and political systems and drives social innovation. Towards an agenda for strengthening the future human rights discourse, the authors suggest three strategies: improving communication and educational capacity, investing in innovative models, and building and strengthening networks that will ensure an active dialogue among diversities. Communicative Action, p. 120.

Pressures of globalization have strained population movements, restructured markets have led to widening economic divides, and terrorism has redefined national borders and identity. What we have seen in response is a rise in nationalism, nativism and in the extreme cases, isolationism. This inward turn seems to be true at least in the U.S. and in China. This turning inward presents a challenge to those of us who work in and champion the cause of comparative law, since comparative studies by its nature urges us to turn our gaze outward. This article examines what the turn to nativism means for the field of comparative law and methodology, and how we as comparativists can combat this trend.

. The author wishes to thank Professor Hungdah Chiu, Professor of Law, Maryland University School of Law, for his suggestions and guidance towards the completion of this article. She also wishes to thank Professors Philip Schrag, David Koplow, and James Feinerman of Georgetown University Law Center for their comments on the manuscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from Chinese sources are those of the author. Titles of Chinese books, newspapers, and periodicals are transliterated and translated; titles of articles in periodicals are only translated. See infra note 200 and accompanying text for a description of some of these publications. I. See infra notes 53-58 and accompanying text.

Under international law, every individual has the right to a nationality. States reserve a sovereign right to deny or revoke citizenship, but only insofar as these practices respect their international legal obligations, including the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of nationality. In the 2018 case of Anudo v. United Republic of Tanzania, the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights applied an arbitrariness test based on, inter alia, an interpretation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to determine whether or not Tanzania had arbitrarily deprived the petitioner of his nationality. This Comment considers the potential of applying Anudo's interpretation of the UDHR in other regional and national contexts. Specifically, the Comment applies the four elements of the Anudo arbitrariness test to the case of Shamima Begum, who joined Daesh (also known as ISIL, ISIS and IS) in Syria as a teenager, and whose British citizenship was subsequently stripped in 2019. Under the Anudo test, deprivation of nationality will be arbitrary under international law unless it: (i) is founded on a clear legal basis; (ii) serves a legitimate purpose that conforms with international law; (iii) is proportionate to the interest protected; and (iv) installs procedural guarantees which must be respected, allowing the concerned to defend themselves before an independent body. The Comment determines that the United Kingdom's decision to deprive Begum of her nationality for national security purposes fails to satisfy the test outlined in Anudo for nonarbitrary denationalization, thus rendering the Home Office's decision unlawful under international law. This analysis leads to wider implications for the arbitrariness of deprivation of nationality as a counterterrorism strategy within and beyond the UK, warning that if states continue to conduct arbitrary deprivations of nationality for purported national security purposes, they could continue to exile individuals based on unconfirmed allegations, perpetuate a system of racial exclusion, violate universal standards for human rights protection, and potentially exacerbate the exact threats the State purports to be fighting.

Under international law, every individual has the right to a nationality. States reserve a sovereign right to deny or revoke citizenship, but only insofar as these practices respect their international legal obligations, including the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of nationality. In the 2018 case of Anudo v. United Republic of Tanzania, the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights applied an arbitrariness test based on, inter alia, an interpretation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to determine whether or not Tanzania had arbitrarily deprived the petitioner of his nationality. This Comment considers the potential of applying Anudo's interpretation of the UDHR in other regional and national contexts. Specifically, the Comment applies the four elements of the Anudo arbitrariness test to the case of Shamima Begum, who joined Daesh (also known as ISIL, ISIS and IS) in Syria as a teenager, and whose British citizenship was subsequently stripped in 2019. Under the Anudo test, deprivation of nationality will be arbitrary under international law unless it: (i) is founded on a clear legal basis; (ii) serves a legitimate purpose that conforms with international law; (iii) is proportionate to the interest protected; and (iv) installs procedural guarantees which must be respected, allowing the concerned to defend themselves before an independent body. The Comment determines that the United Kingdom's decision to deprive Begum of her nationality for national security purposes fails to satisfy the test outlined in Anudo for nonarbitrary denationalization, thus rendering the Home Office's decision unlawful under international law. This analysis leads to wider implications for the arbitrariness of deprivation of nationality as a counterterrorism strategy within and beyond the UK, warning that if states continue to conduct arbitrary deprivations of nationality for purported national security purposes, they could continue to exile individuals based on unconfirmed allegations, perpetuate a system of racial exclusion, violate universal standards for human rights protection, and potentially exacerbate the exact threats the State purports to be fighting.

Mental health is recognised under the right to health in Article 12(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This article refers to the gross violation of mental health rights by the South African government, regarding the Life Esidimeni scandal that ended in tragedy. A failed de-institutionalisation policy implementation was to
blame. The article further aims to assess the state of psychiatric health care in South Africa, 30 years into democracy. This milestone signifies a litmus test of how South Africa has advanced or not, in protecting the rights of people with mental disorders. An analysis of events after the Esidimeni tragedy suggests that the government must take more robust action to advance the rights of people in mental health care. The author highlights certain challenges towards ensuring that mental health institutions are considered in promoting the right to health. This article examines the theoretical foundations of mental health rights and the background of international and regional law approaches to mental health issues. The right to access to mental health services in South African jurisprudence and the law will be examined as well as the hurdles of implementing this policy. The Esidimeni tragedy and its aftermath will be discussed, followed by submissions and a conclusion.

The author analyzes comprehensively the “Uniting for Peace” mechanism, which was formulated and adopted by the UN General Assembly as a result of looking for a way out of the
situation when the Security Council, as a body entrusted with the main responsibility in the field
of maintaining international peace and security by the UN Charter, is unable to fulfill its duties
due to the use by one of the states – permanent members of this body of its right of veto. Attention is paid to the development of this mechanism in recent years and its use for adopting a set of
resolutions in response to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The author
concludes that the resolution of 1950, “Uniting for Peace,” became a concentrated expression
of understanding by the member states of the broad competence of the UN General Assembly.
Without violating the statutory advisory powers of this body, new mechanisms for their implementation were created. First of all, this concerns the efficiency of convening sessions and the
simplified procedure for preparing issues for consideration by the General Assembly, as well as
not only authorization but also direct coordination by this body of collective actions of member
states in the field of maintaining international peace and security. The UN General Assembly
legitimately took upon itself the solution of issues related to the aggression of the Russian
Federation in Ukraine, albeit with the help of more limited means than those of the Security
Council. The appeal to the “Uniting for Peace” mechanism also remains symbolic, and states
continue to attach special importance to the resolutions adopted within this framework – as the
final solution to the most complex and controversial issues on behalf of the UN as an organization, not its individual body.
Keywords: international organizations, acts of international organizations, law of international
organizations, international peace and security, Russian aggression against Ukraine

Confronted with the pluralization of the exercise of public authority at the international level and the retreat of international law as a regulatory instrument, international legal scholars have engaged in two survival strategies. On the one hand, there are international legal scholars who have tried to constitutionalize traditional international law with a view to enhancing its appeal and promoting its use by global actors. On the other hand, there are scholars who, considering any charm offensive to induce global actors to cast their norms under the aegis of classical international a lost battle, have embarked on a deformalization of international law that has led them to loosen the meshed fabric through which they make sense of reality. This deformalization of international law has sometimes materialized in a radical abandonment of theories of sources. The constitutionalist strategy has already been extensively discussed in the literature. The second approach has thrived almost ...

Abstract:
..............................................................................................................................
On April 4, 2025, I found myself unable to pay the rent for the legal ministry known as SLAC (Stafne Law Advocacy Center). What should have been a routine act of stewardship was suddenly complicated by a convergence of events: unexplained access issues with bank accounts, loss of connection to key legal research tools, and judicial decisions that strategically concealed and suppressed constitutional arguments we had just filed in a critical property rights appeal.
..............................................................................................................................

This document includes the email I sent explaining why the rent could not be paid — not as an excuse, but as a snapshot of what it means to stand for truth in a system that punishes conscience. It also includes the Opening Appeal Brief in Church of the Gardens and Alvin White v. Deutsche Bank, a case that challenges the neutrality and legitimacy of courts acting under financial influence.
..............................................................................................................................

What began as a local crisis in funding legal advocacy for the vulnerable has come to feel like something deeper — even prophetic. Is the inability to transact financially, conduct research freely, or access impartial judgment simply coincidental? Or is it a foreshadowing of the systems of control foretold in Revelation, in which those who resist the Beast are systematically cut off?
..............................................................................................................................

Readers are invited to consider whether these struggles are isolated — or signs that the Duties of Citizenship may soon require even greater courage.

This paper analyzes the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel through the lens of the Genocide Convention, arguing that these actions constitute genocide under international law. Drawing on international case law, the analysis demonstrates how Hamas' actions meet both the physical element and specific intent requirements for genocide, evidenced by its ideology, systematic policies, and leadership statements. The paper also examines how reverse accusations of genocide against Israel have functioned as a rhetorical shield to deflect recognition of Hamas' own genocidal actions. It analyzes the legal implications for state parties and the international community.

Terrorism has emerged as a pervasive and entrenched threat to national security in Nigeria, with far-reaching consequences for the country's stability and development. Since the first terrorist attack to date, Nigeria has suffered a great deal from terrorist activities. Statistics indicate that Nigeria ranks among the highest in the world for terrorism threat levels. Despite a global decline in terror-related deaths, Nigeria recently reported the eighth-highest number of fatalities from terrorist attacks worldwide. In response to this issue, Nigeria has implemented various measures, including ratifying international anti-terrorism legislation, enacting domestic laws, and establishing institutional frameworks to combat terrorism. However, findings from this study reveal that challenges such as inadequate legal regimes, poor implementation strategies, and ineffective institutional frameworks, amongst others, hinder the fight against terrorism in Nigeria. Terrorism is not a problem that arose overnight; therefore, it will require a concerted and rootless approach for Nigeria to prevail in this battle. This study recommends that the government should address the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, lawmakers and stakeholders should establish effective strategies to execute the legal regime, while the institutional frameworks must diligently carry out their duties in combating terrorism.

Hakim Wasmat pada dasarnya mempunyai 2 (dua) tugas pokok dalam pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan yaitu pengawasan dan pengamatan. Ketentuan mengenai pengawasan oleh Hakim Wasmat dinyatakan dalam Pasal 280 ayat (1) KUHAP, Sedangkan ketentuan mengenai pengamatan oleh Hakim Wasmat dinyatakan dalam Pasal 280 ayat (2) KUHAP. Hakim wasmat melakukan pengawasan dan pengamatan terhadap narapidana yang dibina pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Terkait pembinaan terhadap Narapidana pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan, dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya Hakim Wasmat memiliki peran juga didalamnya, hal ini terdapat pada Pasal 282 KUHAP dan SEMA Nomor 3 Tahun 1984 tentang Pelaksanaan Tugas Hakim Pengawas dan Pengamat. Untuk itu permusan masalah yang penulis bahas dalam skripsi ini adalah 1. Bagaimanakah pelaksanaan peran Hakim Pengawas dan Pengamat dalam melakukan pengamatan terhadap pembinaan Narapidana pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIB Solok ? 2. Apakah kendala yang dihadapi Hakim Pengawas dan Pengamat terkait pelak...

Essence of FEPA FEPA (Foreign Extortion Prevention Act) explicitly prohibits foreign officials from: 1. Requesting, receiving, or agreeing to receive anything of value, whether directly or indirectly, for personal benefit or the advantage of others. 2. Acting with influence or official decisions to obtain specific advantages or privileges 3. Using cross-border communication systems, such as email or electronic transfers, to facilitate their actions