Evolutionary Psychology

EVOC (for EVOlution of Culture) is a computer model of culture that enables us to investigate how various factors such as barriers to cultural diffusion, the presence and choice of leaders, or changes in the ratio of innovation to imitation affect the diversity and effectiveness of ideas. It consists of neural network based agents that invent ideas for actions, and imitate neighbors' actions. The model is based on a theory of culture according to which what evolves through culture is not memes or artifacts, but the internal models of the world that give rise to them, and they evolve not through a Darwinian process of competitive exclusion but a Lamarckian process involving exchange of innovation protocols. EVOC shows an increase in mean fitness of actions over time, and an increase and then decrease in the diversity of actions. Diversity of actions is positively correlated with population size and density, and with barriers between populations. Slowly eroding borders increase fitness without sacrificing diversity by fostering specialization followed by sharing of fit actions. Introducing a leader that broadcasts its actions throughout the population increases the fitness of actions but reduces diversity of actions. Increasing the number of leaders reduces this effect. Efforts are underway to simulate the conditions under which an agent immigrating from one culture to another contributes new ideas while still 'fitting in'.

Because human cognition is creative and socially situated, knowledge accumulates, diffuses, and gets applied in new contexts, generating cultural analogs of phenomena observed in population genetics such as adaptation and drift. It is therefore commonly thought that elements of culture evolve through natural selection. However, natural selection was proposed to explain how change accumulates despite lack of inheritance of acquired traits, as occurs with template-mediated replication. It cannot accommodate a process with significant retention of acquired or horizontally (e.g. socially) transmitted traits. Moreover, elements of culture cannot be treated as discrete lineages because they constantly interact and influence one another. It is proposed that what evolves through culture is the mind; ideas and artifacts are merely reflections of its current evolved state. Interacting minds transform (in part) through through a non-Darwinian autopoietic process similar to that by which early life evolved, involving not survival of the fittest but actualization of their potential.

The social exchange theory of reasoning, which is championed by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, falls under the general rubric "evolutionary psychology" and asserts that human reasoning is governed by content-dependent, domain-specific, evolutionarily-derived algorithms. According to Cosmides and Tooby, the presumptive existence of what they call "cheater-detection" algorithms disconfirms the claim that we reason via general-purpose mechanisms or via inductively acquired principles. We contend that the Cosmides/Tooby arguments in favor of domain-specific algorithms or evolutionarily-derived mechanisms fail and that the notion of a social exchange rule, which is central to their theory, is not correctly characterized. As a consequence, whether or not their conclusion is true cannot be established on the basis of the arguments they have presented.

Evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology provide complementary perspectives on interpreting human behavior and psychology. Hormones can function as underlying mechanisms that influence behavior in functional ways. Understanding these proximate mechanisms can inform ultimate explanations of human psychology. This chapter introduces this edited volume by first discussing evolutionary perspectives in behavioral endocrinology. It then briefly addresses three broad topic areas of behavioral endocrinology: (1) development and survival, (2) reproductive behavior, and (3) social and affective behavior. It provides examples of research within each of these areas and describes potential adaptations. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of integrating mechanisms with function when investigating human behavior and psychology.

The mechanisms of emergence and evolution of collective behaviours in dynamical Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) of multiple interacting agents, with diverse behavioral strategies in co-presence, have been undergoing mathematical study via Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT). Their systematic study also resorts to agent-based modelling and simulation (ABM) techniques, thus enabling the study of aforesaid mechanisms under a variety of conditions, parameters, and alternative virtual games. This paper summarises some main research directions and challenges tackled in our group, using methods from EGT and ABM. These range from the introduction of cognitive and emotional mechanisms into agents’ implementation in an evolving MAS, to the cost-efficient interference for promoting prosocial behaviours in complex networks, to the regulation and governance of AI safety development ecology, and to the equilibrium analysis of random evolutionary multi-player games. This brief aims to sensitize the reader to...

This review examines an age-old approach to parenting recently rediscovered in Western industrialized societies and known by names such as natural parenting, attachment parenting, and instinctive parenting. Its leading principle is utmost sensitivity to the child's innate emotional and physical needs, resulting in extended breastfeeding on demand, extensive infant carrying on the caregiver's body, and cosleeping of infant and parents. The described practices prevailed during the evolutionary history of the human species and reflect the natural, innate rearing style of the human species to which the human infant has biologically adapted over the course of evolution. An overview of research from diverse areas regarding psychological as well as physiological aspects of early care provides evidence for the beneficial effects of natural parenting. Cross-cultural and historical data is cited to reveal the widespread use of the investigated parenting style. It is concluded that the described approach to parenting provides the human infant with an ideal environment for optimal growth both psychologically and physiologically. It is yet to be determined how much departure from this prototype of optimal human parenting is possible without compromising infant and parental wellbeing. The review also invites a critical reevaluation of current Western childrearing practices.

The current study represents a preliminary investigation of the extent to which female orgasm functions to promote good mate choices. Based on a survey of heterosexual female college students in committed relationships, how often women experienced orgasm as a result of sexual intercourse was related to their partner's family income, his self-confidence, and how attractive he was. Orgasm intensity was also related to how attracted they were to their partners, how many times they had sex per week, and ratings of sexual satisfaction. Those with partners who their friends rated as more attractive also tended to have more intense orgasms. Orgasm frequency was highly correlated ( r = .82) with orgasm intensity, and orgasm intensity was a marginally better predictor of sexual satisfaction than orgasm frequency. Sexual satisfaction was related to how physically attracted women were to their partner and the breadth of his shoulders. Women who began having sexual intercourse at earlier ag...

By giving a literary treatment to the earliest designs engraved on ostrich egg shells in
India, we assumed that greater cognition already existed in the mind of that early man. We justify this literary treatment through the analysis of its primary components, the components that make up literature as such; its rhetorical forms or rhetorical figures.
Finding these rhetorical forms in early engravings confirms the existence of literature, but we do not stop there, if 31,000 years ago there was already literature in India, ¿what were those rhetorical combinations? ¿did they evolve into other combinations? ¿why did they evolve into those combinations?. A combination being the joint presence of two or more rhetorical forms in a recurring manner.
In order to recognize these rhetorical figures combinations in rock designs; we introduce the method of  “literary disaggregation”. This method consists of decomposing literature to its basic components: “The rhetorical forms”.

Crowding is a visual perceptual phenomenon that refers to impaired ability to recognize a suprathreshold object when it is presented in the vicinity of other objects. Crowding therefore poses a limit on object recognition. The phenomenon is regarded to be one of the reasons why young children need large textbook letters. Several studies have provided evidence that crowding imposes a bottleneck on reading speed, and reading long words. Thus, crowding influences visual perception and object recognition in young children. Recent studies show that crowding is stronger in children with visual impairment than in children with normal vision. But which factors are responsible for these strong crowding effects? And how can we reduce crowding in children with visual impairment for whom low visual acuity in itself already poses a bottleneck on object recognition? This review article tries to answer these questions. This knowledge is useful for educational psychologists, because crowding can in...

have presented thoughtful comments and provocative challenges to my article "What Kind of an Illusion is the Illusion of Self?" Their challenges raise significant questions about the nature of illusion, whether Buddhism is denying the self in all senses of the term, whether there could be a self that exists for some limited duration of time and has at least some measure of control, whether there is a phenomenal illusion of self, whether the neuropsychological assumptions embedded in Thomas Metzinger's Phenomenal Self Model is consistent with Buddhist metaphysics, the usefulness of evolutionary psychology in explaining why we have the illusion of self, whether the I-sense is a result of natural selection or cultural selection, vipassanā meditation as a form of verification and its usefulness for extinguishing the I-sense. The discussion here is my response to these criticisms through which I further clarify and develop my arguments and, in some ways, amend my position

Dissertação de Mestrado realizada sob a orientação da professora Ivone Patrão, apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de Grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica conforme despacho da DGES, n.º 19673/2006 publicado em Diário da Republica 2.ª série de 26 de Setembro, de 2006. Agradecimentos A realização do presente estudo, só foi possível pela colaboração de todos aqueles que contribuíram para a sua concretização. O meu profundo agradecimento à professora Dr.ª Ivone Patrão, pela oportunidade da sua orientação, pela disponibilidade, pelas sugestões, apoio e compreensão demonstrados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho. A todos os profissionais que possibilitaram o estudo particularmente à Dr.ª Maria de Jesus Lobo Correia responsável pela autorização de recolha dos dados na Maternidade Alfredo da Costa. Agradeço também à Dr.ª Isabel Margarida Mendes e Dr.ª Maria Cristina Canavarro pela cedência das escalas utilizadas nesta investigação e directrizes sugeridas para a realização do trabalho. Às Senhoras enfermeiras das consultas de vigilância pré-natal de todos os serviços onde foi pedido a autorização para a recolha de dados, pela sua preciosa ajuda e solidariedade. Agradeço ao Centro de Educação Jovem da Câmara Municipal de cascais pela facilitação no recrutamento de grande parte das participantes deste estudo. À Dr.ª Ana Eduardo Ribeiro, o meu profundo agradecimento pela sua amizade, incentivo, carinho, disponibilidade e compreensão. Uma palavra de gratidão para todas as grávidas que com a sua participação tornaram possível a realização deste trabalho. Finalmente, à minha família pelo apoio e forma carinhosa como me ajudaram e incentivaram em todos os momentos. RESUMO O objectivo desta investigação foi investigar a possível correlação entre as memórias de infância das práticas educativas parentais e a ligação materno-fetal. Participaram no estudo 60 mulheres grávidas com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e os 38 anos de idade, no 2º ou 3º trimestre de gravidez. A recolha de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação do Inventory for Assessing Memories of Parental Rearing Behaviour (EMBU) (Perris, Jacobson, Lindstorm, Von Knorring, & Perris, 1980) para as memórias de Infância e da escala de Ligação maternofetal (Cranley, 1980) Por fim, foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas entre as memórias de infância para a dimensão suporte emocional face ao pai e a ligação maternofetal e entre o planeamento da gravidez e a ligação materno-fetal. Os resultados foram confrontados com os resultados obtidos na literatura. .

Desde la óptica desde la socio formación y la sociedad del conocimiento, consideramos que el proyecto ético de vida de una persona se convierte es una estrategia generadora de acuerdos y compromisos, en el proceso de paz que se está llevando en Colombia, entre actores causantes del conflicto, la población civil y su entorno, para lograr un propósito común:  la reconstrucción del país y de los corazones. Debe existir en este proceso una estrecha relación con los nuevos escenarios educativos que inciten al aprendizaje, con base en “nodos problematizadores”, como lo determina el Enfoque Basado en Competencias (EBC), que en nuestra investigación retomamos para formar en competencias ciudadanas para vivir en familia y en comunidad.  Por tanto, el EBC es un plan de acción generado por los facilitadores de este proceso con la población civil, victimas sobrevivientes del conflicto armado colombiano que ya fenece, con una finalidad contextuada al integrar diversos contenidos que promuevan la construcción de aprendizajes significativos. Esta investigación tiene como propósito familiarizar entre sí  la “mediación pedagógica”, a través de la formación y las estrategias didácticas basadas en el enfoque de las competencias,  con la “mediación tecnológica”, y desde luego con la didáctica especial, mediante los nuevos escenarios educativos para la inserción social de los excluidos, habitantes de la provincia profunda, desde el referente  de “lo apropiado” para el contexto, utilizando la acción instrumental por medio de experiencias de tecnologías apropiadas para zonas rurales y la inclusión social a través de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs).

Palabras Claves:  Colombia, socio formación, inclusión, ciudadanía,  paz, solución de conflictos, mediación, escenarios futuros, prospectiva, futurología, ábaco, provincia, ruralidad. 




Summary
From the perspective of the formation partner and the knowledge society, we consider that the ethical project of a person's life becomes a strategy that generates agreements and commitments, in the peace process that is being carried out in Colombia, between actors that cause the conflict, the civilian population and its environment, to achieve a common purpose: the reconstruction of the country and the hearts. There must be in this process a close relationship with the new educational scenarios that stimulate learning, based on "problematic nodes", as determined by the Competence Based Approach (EBC), which in our research we resume to form in citizens' competences to live in family and in community. Therefore, the EBC is a plan of action generated by the facilitators of this process with the civilian population, surviving victims of the Colombian armed conflict that is already fading, with a purpose contextualized by integrating various contents that promote the construction of meaningful learning. This research aims to familiarize one another with "pedagogical mediation", through training and didactic strategies based on the approach of competencies, with "technological mediation", and of course with special didactics, through the new scenarios education for the social insertion of the excluded, inhabitants of the province, from the point of reference of "appropriateness" to the context, using instrumental action through experiences of appropriate technologies for rural areas and social inclusion through technologies of information and communication (ICTs).

Resumo: Pequena incursão em reflexões sobre várias disciplinas pelas quais o autor, como arqueólogo, e na tentativa de melhor o ser, tem passado e continuará a passar, procurando sugerir a necessidade de desmistificar alguns lugares-comuns que persistem na academia, e bloqueiam o saber.

Resumo: breve reflexão sobre a invenção ocidental da ideia pejorativa de "primitivismo" aplicada a sociedades exóticas, e sugestão de que, com o desenvolvimento capitalista neoliberal, foi o Ocidente que se tornou de algum modo selvagem, tendo-se tal novo tipo de barbárie expandido a toda a parte.

According to the 'mating intelligence' theory by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, human morality is a system of sexually selected traits which serve as costly signals to the other sex about one's fitness and readiness to take care for possible offspring. Starting from the standard prediction of evolutionary psychology that sexual selection produces psychological sex differences in human mating strategies, 'mating intelligence' theory is analyzed for its compatibility with several psychological theories about sex differences in moral traits like moral reasoning, judgment and orientation. It is argued that the 'mating intelligence' theory, as a theory about the the evolution of morality, comes too dangerously close to being unfalsifiable because it embodies some auxiliary hypotheses and vague definitions which make it practically immune to every possible empirical finding concerning sex differences in human moral traits.

mo®e razumjeti tog "vra®jeg kapelana" i upravo stoga i do odgovornosti koju nosi popratna moguaenost manipulacije njime. "Proces je postao svjestan samoga sebe", citira autor velikog populacijskog genetièara Theodosiusa Dobzhanskog. "Vra®ji kapelan je sazrio", ka®e Dawkins, te omoguaeio ljudskoj vrsti nadzor nad vlastitom sudbinom. Što se više potrudimo doznati o evoluciji vrsta, a posebno ljudskoj, njenim fiziološkim, mor-fološkim i bihevioralnim osnovama, to aeemo upravo lakše izbjeaei determinizmima bilo koje vrste, recimo genetske, ali i psihosocijalne, poput potencijala za indoktrinaciju besmislenim i zloaeudnim idejama.

According to the 'mating intelligence' theory by evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller, human morality is a system of sexually selected traits which serve as costly signals to the other sex about one's fitness and readiness to take care for possible offspring. Starting from the standard prediction of evolutionary psychology that sexual selection produces psychological sex differences in human mating strategies, 'mating intelligence' theory is analyzed for its compatibility with several psychological theories about sex differences in moral traits like moral reasoning, judgment and orientation. It is argued that the 'mating intelligence' theory, as a theory about the the evolution of morality, comes too dangerously close to being unfalsifiable because it embodies some auxiliary hypotheses and vague definitions which make it practically immune to every possible empirical finding concerning sex differences in human moral traits.

IL CONTAGIO DELLA RISATA

Un'idea filosofica sbagliata quella che legava allo humor il ridere, che ha indirizzato per lungo tempo le neuroscienze cognitive; la natura sociale del riso: attraverso il contagio della risata si sincronizza il gruppo, con un effetto di affiliazione e vicinanza; la sindrome di riso e pianto patologico; la risata spontanea e quella volontaria; i neuroni specchio, il riso degli scimpanzé adolescenti e l'aggressività contagiosa dei topi. Intervista a Elisabetta Palagi e Fausto Caruana.

Elisabetta Palagi è professoressa associata di Etologia presso il Dipartimento di Biologia dell’Università di Pisa. Nel 2020 ha ricevuto l’Animal Behavior Society Fellowship Award per i risultati raggiunti nello
studio del comportamento animale. Fausto Caruana è Primo Ricercatore dell’Istituto di Neuroscienze del Cnr e insegna Neuroscienze del Linguaggio presso l’Università di Parma. Per il Mulino ha pubblicato "Il
cervello in azione" (con A. Borghi, 2016) e "Come funzionano le emozioni" (con M. Viola, 2018). Il libro di cui si parla nell’intervista è "Perché ridiamo. Alle origini del cervello sociale" (il Mulino, 2024).

The roots of self-identification, or how we perceive and understand ourselves and similar animals, has intrigued neuroscientists, philosophers, and psychologists for centuries. This essay delves into the neurology of self-identification by exploring brain regions and networks involved, the role of neural plasticity, the influence of social and environmental factors, and the implications for disorders related to self-perception. Median Vision Theory (MVT) aka Primal Eye Theory, offers a new perspective on the early evolution of self-referential consciousness. The theory suggests that the regression and eventual disappearance of the median or primal eye in vertebrates played a pivotal role in the development of self-referential consciousness. Since the median (aka parietal, old, pineal) eye predates the two modern lateral eyes, the term "third eye" seems a misnomer and "primal eye" is more accurate. (1) Transition from Sensory Input to Abstract Thought: MVT posits that the parietal eye, which was once a functional photo-receptive organ, initially provided direct sensory input to the brain. As this organ regressed, the brain adapted by developing more complex neural mechanisms to process environmental information. This shift allowed for the emergence of abstract modelling and reflective thinking, which are foundational to self-awareness. MVT aligns with broader evolutionary principles, such as natural selection and neural plasticity.

Rape-like behaviour has been documented in a number of species of animals. The purpose of this paper is to explain the evolutionary perspective on this behaviour. Several key concepts of modern evolutionary theory are first explained. Then the problem of defining rape in such a way that it is amenable to scientific study is discussed. Agonistic mating, altruistic mating, forced mating, and detrimental mating are defined in terms of costs and benefits to both male and female fitness. The introductory section concludes with a discussion of the role of genes in determining sexual behaviour and the nature of biological adaptations. Forced mating in orangutans, mallard ducks, and scorpionflies is described. The evolution of this behaviour is explained in terms of parental investment and sexual selection theory. Speculations on mechanisms that females might evolve to deal with this coercive male reproductive strategy conclude the paper.

Comparing the effect of statistical distributions on the outcome of the "treadmill" model relating average skill level achieved through imitation to demogaphic factors is premature as the model incorporates an invalid assumption. The model incorrectly assumes that the imitation bias remains constant with increasing average skill level and is contradicted by data on hunter-gatherer and oceanic fishing groups showing that for these groups there is no relationship between the interacting population size and tool complexity. Comparing the implications for Henrich's model [1] – including model modifications in [2, 3] --of different statistical distributions for skill levels in a population is premature since Vaesen's [4] claim that the model implies "only sizable populations of social learn-ers are able to sustain processes of technological accumulation" already depends on an erroneous, implicit assumption. That something is amiss can be seen by the fact that ...

In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos --perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos -include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biological consequences were marriage-based procreation allowed to include inbred matings, to those that focus on social consequences such as confounding social roles, especially within the family, or restricting networks of interfamily alliances, were marriages to take place between close relatives. For those focusing on the biological consequences, the sexual aversion hypothesis of the anthropologist Edvard Westermarck has played a central role through seemingly providing an empirically grounded, causal link from the phenomenal level of behavior to the ideational level of culture. Yet the matter is not so simple and requires rethinking of what we mean by kinship and how our ideas about kinship relate to the widespread occurrence of incest taboos and the extensive variability in their content.

Trump’s “medium is the message” CONFUSION explained: like 👍 Mike 🐭 mouse he is a “fictional character” with its own “narrative”, TOTALLY INDEPENDENT FROM REALITY … precisely like Nero & Neo “Caligula” Musk or any other “media character” ever since and forever, as illustrated by Marshall McLuhan.

Here's Trump's self-referential "medium = message" narrative by McLuhan simply explained: It plays with an ANTHROPOLOGICAL "confusion" of the "media" BUT DOES NOT EXIST in "reality". ("READY MADE")


https://youtu.be/fAC8u5GfX0I?si=SpD5GFSczJXgGhyR

https://youtu.be/lXvI_IIhaHg?si=OGs0evUZfxHY0dSn

https://youtu.be/IRjGoZQShB0?si=K6einYCjHe61A_of


La CONFUSIONE di Trump "medium is the message" spiegata: come 👍 Mike 🐭 mouse è un "personaggio immaginario" con la sua "narrazione", TOTALMENTE INDIPENDENTE DALLA REALTÀ... esattamente come Nero e Neo "Caligola" Musk o qualsiasi altro “personaggio mediatico” da sempre e per sempre, come illustrato da Marshall McLuhan.

Ecco la narrazione autoreferenziale di Trump "medium = message" di McLuhan semplicemente spiegata: gioca con una "confusione" ANTROPOLOGICA dei "media" MA NON ESISTE nella “realtà”. ("READY MADE")

https://youtu.be/fAC8u5GfX0I?si=SpD5GFSczJXgGhyR

https://youtu.be/lXvI_IIhaHg?si=OGs0evUZfxHY0dSn

https://youtu.be/IRjGoZQShB0?si=K6einYCjHe61A_of

Twenty patients with DSM5 schizophrenia were comprehensively and formally assessed by an experienced psychiatrist. All subjects were assessed for: positive and negative psychotic symptoms; social anxiety; panic anxiety; obsessive compulsive disorder, atypical depression; major depression; suicide risk; and global assessment of functioning. Different profiles of clinical presentation and symptom evolution emerged for patients with schizophrenia who had co-morbid depression (15%), OCD (15%), panic or limited symptom attacks (55%) and social anxiety (5%). At least eighty percent of the sample had one or more of these co-morbidities. Summing up, the data support our previous finding that panic is highly prevalent in Schizophrenia with Auditory Hallucinations (>73% here, versus 100% before), and panic was paroxysmally concurrent with voice onset. Moreover, characteristic clinical findings may help point clinicians to five specific co-morbidity psychosis subtypes. Moreover, co-morbidit...

Ziel meines Beitrags ist es, den Fiktionalitätsbegriff vor dem Hintergrund der Debatten über Gattungshybridisierung und Gattungszuweisung zu erörtern. Dabei soll nicht das Auf und Ab der gattungstheoretischen Debatte an sich (vor dem Hintergrund der Repragmatisierung der Literaturwissenschaften) berück sichtigt werden. Fokussiert wird vielmehr die Frage, welche Rolle Gattungen in der Diskussion über Fiktionalität, besonders in ihrer Abgrenzung zu Faktualität, im Rahmen der Narratologie gespielt haben. In Genettes Oeuvre gibt es zunächst ein merkwürdigerweise unverbundenes Nebeneinander von Fiktionstheorie (‚dis cours du récit') und Gattungstheorie (‚paratexte'). Genette setzt Narrativität weit gehend mit Fiktionalität gleich. Genettes folgenreicher Panfiktionalismus des Erzählens ist typisch für die Autonomisierungstendenz der strukturalistischen Narratologie, hat aber bekanntlich großen Widerstand hervor und mehr kontext bezogene Modelle auf den Plan gerufen. Das Bindeglied hat Genette später mit einer sprechakttheoretischen Grundlegung der Fiktionalität zu schaffen versucht. Seitdem sind Gattungsspezifik und Pragmatik intensiver in die Debatte eingeführt worden. Gattungsproblematik ist seit mehreren Jahrzehnten zu einem zentralen Bestandteil der narratologischen Debatte über Fiktionalität geworden. Narratolo gische Aussagen über die Fiktionalität bzw. NichtFiktionalität von unterschied lichen Gattungen haben eine lange Tradition. Im Folgenden werde ich nicht die Positionen chronologisch wiedergeben, sondern mich auf einen Versuch von Monika Fludernik beziehen, die Argumente systematisch als Zusammenspiel von Konstanten und Variablen zu beschreiben. Dieses Modell werde ich anschließend um neuere Ansätze erweitern. Insbesondere werde ich neuere Einsichten aus den Digital Humanities berücksichtigen, z. B. automatische Erkennung von Gattungen und Analyse von Redetypen. Der Gattungsbegriff selbst soll hier zunächst sehr summarisch definiert werden. Hempfer (2018,(179)(180) listet vier dominante Bedeutungen von ‚Gattung' auf, die auf unterschiedliche methodologische Zugriffe verweisen, nämlich (1) Gattung als Sammelbegriffe im Alltagsgebrauch für die von Goethe entwickelte (und unterschwellig an der Biologie orientierte) Differenzierung zwischen Epik, Dramatik, Lyrik; (2) "transhistorische Invarianten wie das Narrative, das Dramati sche, das Komische", die als "prototypische Konstrukte" gelten, "die Phänomene einer transphrastischen kommunikativen Kompetenz abbilden, deren kulturell gebundener oder transkultureller Charakter nur durch Kulturvergleich ermittelt

Cooperation and competition are two basic modes of social cognition that necessitate monitoring of both one's own and others' actions, as well as adopting a specific mental set. In this fMRI, study individuals played a specially designed computer game, according to a set of predefined rules, either in cooperation with or in competition against another person. The hemodynamic response during these conditions was contrasted to that of the same subjects playing the game independently. Both cooperation and competition stances resulted in activation of a common frontoparietal network subserving executive functions, as well as the anterior insula, involved in autonomic arousal. Moreover, distinct regions were found to be selectively associated with cooperation and competition, notably the orbitofrontal cortex in the former and the inferior parietal and medial prefrontal cortices in the latter. This pattern reflects the different mental frameworks implicated in being cooperative versus competitive with another person. In accordance with evidence from evolutionary psychology as well as from developmental psychology, we argue that cooperation is a socially rewarding process and is associated with specific left medial orbitofrontal cortex involvement.

The current paper review researches on sexual and online infidelity from personality perspectives. This is done through looking from Dark Triad Traits, The Big Five Factors and HEXACO. 51 studies from various journals were reviewed and showed supportive findings between personality and infidelity. Individuals high in the Dark Triads: psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism were associated with committing infidelity. For the Big Five Factors, conscientiousness was linked to lower infidelity; extraversion and agreeableness were associated with higher infidelity while neuroticism and openness showed mixed results. For HEXACO, individuals scoring low on honesty-humility scale had stronger relationship with infidelity. Future studies should do more studies on neuroticism and openness on infidelity. Environment factors should also be considered in explaining individuals' act in committing infidelity.

The main aim of this study was to examine the relation of the sequential implicit learning and visuospatial working memory capacity in childhood. The statistical population for this study were all preelementary and elementary female students who are studying at schools of Tehran in 2018 -2019 academic year. The sample of this study consisted of 27 girls aged 6 to 7.5 and 25 girls aged 9 to 10.5 recruited based on availability sampling method. The participants completed the Corsi span task and a modified version of the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task in a single session. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and the Pearson-r. The results showed that although younger children had a lower visuospatial working memory capacity in comparison with the elder children, there is no significant relationship between the visuospatial working memory capacity and SIL. This means that implicit learning of the sequences is not influenced by the differences of the visuospatial working memory capacity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of patients about the white coats and other factors contributing to the appearance of emergency physician in the Emergency Department. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out between March and June 2017 at the Emergency Departments of four state hospitals. This study was completed with 1014 patients admitted to the Emergency Departments, who had no communication problems and accepted to participate in the study. Data were collected by using a questionnaire form prepared by researchers. Patients' preferences were investigated with open-ended questions about white coats, civilian clothing, and uniform, the color of the uniform and doctor's age. Statistical evaluation of the data was done with SPSS 20.0. Of the total patients, 35.8% (n=363) stated that they preferred doctors to wear a uniform or white coat, and 26.3% stated that wearing white coat, uniform or civilian clothes made no difference. Four hundred twenty-seven patients (42.1%) stated that their trust against the physicians was affected whether they were wearing a white coat or not, and 53.1% stated that this would have any positive or negative effect. 57.7% of the total patients (n=585) stated that appearance did not affect their trusts in the treatment suggested by a doctor. The external appearance significantly affects the patient's trust in the treatment of the emergency physician who examined him.

Анотація. У статті проаналізовано вживання дефініції «педагогдослідник» і складність її однозначного тлумачення. Розглянуто проблему одночасного поєднання педагогічної та дослідницької діяльності у шкільному середовищі. Акцентована увага на наукових підходах, на які має опиратися педагог вищої школи у своїй професійній діяльності для досягнення позитивних результатів. На основі аналізу наукових джерел описано рівні втілення педагогом дослідницьких проектів. Проведений діагностувальний етап експериментальної роботи серед представників українських науково-педагогічних шкіл дав змогу виокремити професійні, дослідницькі й особистісні групи характеристик педагога-дослідника. Усі категорії досліджуваних зійшлися на думці, що основними характерними рисами педагога-дослідника є креативність, професіоналізм і готовність до самовдосконалення, що і допомогло авторові сформулювати визначення категорії «педагог-дослідник» та зʼясувати ефективні показники його професійної діяльності. Ключові слова: педагог-дослідник, наукові підходи, рівні дослідницької діяльності, характерні риси педагога-дослідника, професійнотворчий розвиток.

This book, reconstructs modern constitutionalism as a legal order grounded in the mediation of our universal moral grammar with modern society and the revolutionary dynamic of cultural evolution. The work presents a theory of social evolution in extenso, arguing that the psychologically based moral constraints of evolutionary adaptation of functional systems result from independent cultural and biological learning processes.

The book explores how the egalitarian, normative, and cognitively inclusive tendency of constitutionalism (rule of law, subjective rights, democratic principles) enables the fight for rights within the law itself, fostering continuous cognitive and moral learning in modern societies. The function of constitutional law in this learning process is analyzed through a reconstructive interpretation, demonstrating how the combination of subjective rights with the organizational principles and legal norms of democratic checks and balances operates as a built-in rightswidener.

The book argues that constitutions can bridge the modern chasm between rapid cultural evolution and the slower evolution of our moral psychology, stabilizing the emancipation of the universalistic principles of the individual mind from the reactionary censorship of parochial and egocentric parameters. Inspired by evolutionary theory, including gene-culture coevolution, and the contributions of sociologists and other social scientists, the author applies an interdisciplinary perspective to understand social evolution. Furthermore, the philosophy of John Rawls, particularly the idea of an overlapping consensus and the analogy between language acquisition and normative reasoning, exerts a significant influence.

The analysis traces the history of legal theory and evolution, the Darwinian challenge to the social and legal sciences, Godfrey-Smith's multidimensional perspective on Darwinian populations, and the application of this framework to understand sociocultural evolution, including Luhmann's theories and the dynamics of the emergence of inequality and the dissolution of stratification towards modern constitutionalism, drawing on the work of Hauke Brunkhorst. Ultimately, the book seeks to recontextualize the development of constitutionalism within evolutionary thought, investigating the complex interplay between biology, culture, and institutions.

This paper provides a defence of a naturalist account of human reasoning inspired by
Peirce and Dewey, as opposed to the formalist approach to logical thinking advocated by Frege, Russell, and the first Wittgenstein. Such naturalization proceeds in two steps: first, it substitutes “inquiries” for “thoughts” as the proper subject-matter of logic; then, it replaces “the world” by the never-ending succession of “situations” as the object to which judgments of knowledge are directed, and wherein they are tested. The resulting depiction of human cognition 1) does not present abrupt discontinuities when related to its natural (i.e. biological and cultural) basis, and 2) avoids recurrent epistemological puzzles regarding the relation of “truth” to “justified belief”.

El artículo defiende una concepción naturalista del razonamiento humano inspirada en las ideas de Peirce y Dewey, por contraposición a la aproximación formalista al pensamiento lógico que introdujeron Frege, Russell y el primer Wittgenstein. Esta naturalización requiere dos pasos: primero, sustituir los "pensamientos" por las "investigaciones" como objeto de estudio propio de la lógica, y, en segundo lugar, remplazar "el mundo" por una interminable sucesión de "situaciones" como objeto al que van dirigidos y en el que se verifican los juicios de conocimiento. El resultado es una descripción de la cognición humana que 1) no presenta discontinuidades abruptas cuando se la relaciona con sus bases naturales (biológicas y culturales), y 2) esquiva problemas epistemológicos recurrentes sobre la relación entre "verdad" y "creencia justificada".

Evolúciós hatások a jogelméletben: mediátor majmok, egyenlőségpárti patkányok és a morális ösztön szerepe a jogi szabályozásban 2 Absztrakt E tanulmány áttekinti a morálfilozófia, jogfilozófia és pszichológia közötti kapcsolatokat, különös tekintettel a morális érzelmek szerepére a döntéshozatalban. A morális érzelmek megkülönböztetik a Homo sapienst a Homo oeconomicustól. De mégis honnan jönnek ezek a jogi normarendszer hátterében is meghúzódó morális megérzések? Az itt bemutatott kutatások szerint ezek nemcsak társadalmi konstrukciók, hanem evolúciós múltunkhoz kötődő, belénk programozott erkölcsi intuíciók. E szemlélet szerint ugyanúgy, ahogy alapvető nyelvi ösztönnel jövünk a világra, rendelkezünk egy alapvető morális ösztönnel is. Ismétlődő szelekciós kihívásokra, mint például egy csoporton belüli osztozkodás vagy a potyautas magatartás büntetése, az élőlényekben morális viselkedéses hajlamok alakulnak ki. Ez a morális ösztön a tágabb állatvilágban gyökerezik, már a fejlett emlősökkel megjelenik a protomoralitás. A tanulmány bemutatja a morális ösztönök mellett szóló érveket, hogyan formálják azok a jog szerkezetét, illetve hogy mikor vezethetnek félre a morális heurisztikák. Az emberi és állati viselkedés hasonlóságai rávilágítanak a morális és jogi rendszerek közötti összefüggésekre, valamint az evolúciós pszichológia lehetséges magyarázataira a morális viselkedés és a jogi szabályozás kialakulásában.

"We know another Ice Age is coming on the earth," predicts Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. "It will bring an entire change in the structural side of the earth. Before the coming Ice Age, there will be intellectual change and great biological change in human beings and animals-in every entity, animate and inanimate. You will find changes in the seasonal order, in the psychic arena, in the socio-economico-political and cultural spheres, in biological structure. All are undergoing metamorphosis. The poles have also started shifting. If in the Eastern Hemisphere the North Pole moves from north to south and in the Western Hemisphere the South Pole moves from south to north, what will be the effect in the earth's hydrosphere? The polar ice will melt and the ocean levels will rise. It will have its impact on the tidal waves throughout the globe. The Pacific Ocean will become colder and then frozen. Many of the existing ports will close. The seasonal patterns will change. Rainfall and climatic variation will have an impact on flora and fauna. All these things together will have their impact on thinking processes." In fact, the magnetic north pole is following the change predicted by P. R. Sarkar-the magnetic north pole is currently moving rapidly from north to south in the Eastern Hemisphere. P. R. Sarkar (1921-1990) was a spiritual guru and social philosopher who founded the socio-spiritual organization Ananda Marga ("the Path of Bliss").

“Every body moves – certainly the poles move – and they have already started their function of shifting their respective positions,” according to Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. “And you see, as a result of such a change, and if the change takes place very fast, then there may come another ice-age here in this Earth.” “So we should be prepared for the future. We should be prepared for the resultant of this change or these changes in polar position, in environmental order and also in ecological structure.” “We should be ready for such a change, and that change may take place in the very near future.” In fact, the magnetic north pole is following the change predicted by P. R. Sarkar in this 1986 discourse – the magnetic north pole is currently moving rapidly from north to south in the Eastern Hemisphere. P. R. Sarkar (1921-1990) was a spiritual guru and social philosopher who founded the socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga (“the Path of Bliss”).

We examined self and friends' ratings of social relationship quality and everyday social interactions in 3 studies involving 544 college students in Germany, Spain, and the United States. Scores on a situational judgment test measuring strategic emotion regulation ability (SERA) were negatively related to conflict with others. SERA was more consistently and strongly related to conflict with others than to the positive dimension of relationship quality (support, companionship, and nurturance). The relationship between SERA and conflict was generally not mediated by trait positive or negative affect, and it remained significant or marginally significant controlling for the Big Five personality traits. These findings highlight the importance of the ability to evaluate emotional situations and identify effective responses to these in interpersonal emotion regulation. Furthermore, they suggest that situational judgment and flexible response selection may help people to manage conflicts more than to bond with others. This article examines how the ability to evaluate emotional situations and identify effective response strategies to manage these We thank Rosario Cabello for allowing us to use data that she collected together with Pablo Ferna´ndez-Berrocal for our meta-analytic synthesis of findings.

This study provides a descriptive account of kissing behavior in a large sample of undergraduate college students and considers kissing in the context of both short-term and long-term mating relationships. Kissing was examined as a mate assessment device, a means of promoting pair bonds, and a means of inducing sexual arousal and receptivity. A total 1,041 college students completed one of three questionnaires measuring kissing preferences, attitudes, styles, and behaviors. Results showed that females place more importance on kissing as a mate assessment device and as a means of initiating, maintaining, and monitoring the current status of their relationship with a long-term partner. In contrast, males place less importance on kissing, especially with short-term partners, and appear to use kissing to increase the likelihood of having sex. The results suggest that kissing may play an important role as an adaptive courtship/mating ritual.

Evidence suggests that many physical, behavioral, and trait qualities can be detected solely from the sound of a person's voice, irrespective of the semantic information conveyed through speech. This study examined whether raters could accurately assess the likelihood that a person has cheated on committed, romantic partners simply by hearing the speaker's voice. Independent raters heard voice samples of individuals who self-reported that they either cheated or had never cheated on their romantic partners. To control for aspects that may clue a listener to the speaker's mate value, we used voice samples that did not differ between these groups for voice attractiveness, age, voice pitch, and other acoustic measures. We found that participants indeed rated the voices of those who had a history of cheating as more likely to cheat. Male speakers were given higher ratings for cheating, while female raters were more likely to ascribe the likelihood to cheat to speakers. Additionally, we manipulated the pitch of the voice samples, and for both sexes, the lower pitched versions were consistently rated to be from those who were more likely to have cheated. Regardless of the pitch manipulation, speakers were able to assess actual history of infidelity; the one exception was that men's accuracy decreased when judging women whose voices were lowered. These findings expand upon the idea that the human voice may be of value as a cheater detection tool and very thin slices of vocal information are all that is needed to make certain assessments about others.

Evidence suggests that many physical, behavioral, and trait qualities can be detected solely from the sound of a person’s voice, irrespective of the semantic information conveyed through speech. This study examined whether raters could accurately assess the likelihood that a person has cheated on committed, romantic partners simply by hearing the speaker’s voice. Independent raters heard voice samples of individuals who self-reported that they either cheated or had never cheated on their romantic partners. To control for aspects that may clue a listener to the speaker’s mate value, we used voice samples that did not differ between these groups for voice attractiveness, age, voice pitch, and other acoustic measures. We found that participants indeed rated the voices of those who had a history of cheating as more likely to cheat. Male speakers were given higher ratings for cheating, while female raters were more likely to ascribe the likelihood to cheat to speakers. Additionally, we m...

An abundance of unwanted sexual opportunities perpetrated by insensitive, physically and sexually abusive men may be a factor in the expression of homosexuality in some women. In the present study, we examined self-reports of dating histories, sexual experiences, and physical and sexual abuse among lesbians and heterosexual women. Lesbians with prior heterosexual experience reported more severe and more frequent physical abuse by men. Lesbians also reported more instances of forced, unwanted sexual contact perpetrated by men, and this sexual abuse occurred at a significantly earlier age. These data show that adverse experiences with the opposite sex are more common in lesbians than heterosexual women, and therefore negative heterosexual experiences may be a factor in the expression of a same-sex sexual orientation in women. We propose an evolutionary psychological interpretation of this phenomenon based on the cardinally different mating strategies of women and men that have evolved...

This study provides a descriptive account of kissing behavior in a large sample of undergraduate college students and considers kissing in the context of both short-term and long-term mating relationships. Kissing was examined as a mate assessment device, a means of promoting pair bonds, and a means of inducing sexual arousal and receptivity. A total 1,041 college students completed one of three questionnaires measuring kissing preferences, attitudes, styles, and behaviors. Results showed that females place more importance on kissing as a mate assessment device and as a means of initiating, maintaining, and monitoring the current status of their relationship with a long-term partner. In contrast, males place less importance on kissing, especially with short-term partners, and appear to use kissing to increase the likelihood of having sex. The results suggest that kissing may play an important role as an adaptive courtship/mating ritual.

At the inception of the social sciences in the late 19 th century, early psychologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and sociologists frequently proposed evolutionary explanations for social phenomena. Yet by the mid-20 th century Darwin's theory had virtually disappeared from the social sciences, and most social scientists continue to reject evolutionary approaches within their disciplines. This special issue of the Journal of Evolutionary Psychology contains six papers each of which addresses the question of why social scientists rejected evolution, and why they still do. Three broad reasons are identified by our contributors. First, many social scientists past and present hold distorted views of evolution leading to, in our view, an unfounded rejection of evolutionary theory. This distortion might be addressed by improved education and communication of evolutionary theory. Second, many past applications of evolutionary theory to social phenomena have been inadequate for explaining the kinds of phenomena that social scientists are most interested in, such as rapid cultural change and the emergence of large-scale cooperative institutions. This situation is changing as modern Darwinian approaches incorporate behavioural flexibility, group-level explanations and culture. Finally, certain strands of the social sciences have rejected the scientific method in general, instead adopting non-scientific perspectives such as social constructionism. While this is a broader epistemological issue, the application of evolutionary methods to social phenomena may provide the best and most direct support for the value of the scientific method.

Effective learning methods play a crucial role in achieving student success. This involves selecting appropriate strategies to help them develop their skills for academic tasks. This quantitative study investigated the impact of pet ownership on the academic performance of 32 tenth-grade students in Zamboanga City. Using a comparative and descriptive correlational design with stratified and simple random sampling, a survey questionnaire determined students' overall perception of the effect of pet ownership on their learning. Results showed a neutral overall perception, indicating both positive and negative influences. No significant difference was found between genders regarding the impact of pet ownership on academic performance or positive perception of pet ownership. The researchers of this provided conclusions and recommendations for future studies.