Engineering

Small Industry is an industrial company whose workforce consists of 5-19 people. While the Micro Industry is an industrial company whose workforce consists of 1-4 people. The purpose of this study is to estimate the Production Index of Micro and Small Industries according to KBLI for years to come. KBLI is a reference classification used to classify Indonesian economic activities/activities into several business fields/business fields that are distinguished based on the type of economic activity that produces products/outputs in the form of goods and services. In this study, the estimation method used is the Bayesian Regulation Algorithm. This algorithm is one of the Artificial Neural Networks algorithms that can solve many estimation problems by building a trained model and showing good performance. The data to be estimated in this study are data of Micro and Small Industry Production Index according to KBLI processed from the Central Board Statistics of Indonesia. This study uses ...

We determine the propagation loss of GaAs photonic crystal waveguides by spectral imaging of the spontaneous emission from the embedded InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The results are compared with the loss obtained by imaging the near field of the out-of-plane radiation of the waveguide mode propagating within the light cone. From the corresponding far field, we furthermore measure the mode wavevector, from which we determine the waveguide dispersion. Additionally, we show that spectral imaging allows to determine the relative efficiencies of the couplers. Using the same experiment, and detailed photonic simulations, we have determined the beta factor and the directionality of the emission of the QDs, finding beta factors up to 99% and high directionalities.

We measured the gain dynamics of the ground-state transition at 20 K in an undoped and identically fabricated p-doped InAs/GaAs quantum-dot amplifier. The dynamics in the doped device is dominated by a very short (∼0.1 ps) and a very long (∼300 ps) time constant. These were attributed to hole and electron dynamics, respectively, and quantitatively described by a microstate model. By comparing the dynamics for the same modal gain in the two devices, the gain recovery was initially faster in the p-doped sample, attributed to ultrafast hole-hole scattering, but slower at later times due to the lack of an electron reservoir.

Airspace security is regulated at the level of each state according to the international treaties and conventions, in all possible situations, in times of peace, crisis or war, by integrating all the civilian and military air traffic control systems. The deep concern reaching the level of worry of the specialists in the field of airspace security is the reality of the complex operational environment of the land forces operations. In this context, due to the upgrades in the air space technology and the scale of the air actions at different altitudes, the need for the operational conceptualization of the air defence systems is well justified. For this, we redefined the airspace in the land forces area of responsibility from the perspective of two directions of research. The first direction of research is the threat and the aggression of a hypothetical air enemy, and the second direction of research is the conduct of the air defence response at different altitudes. In order to obtain r...

It is well-known that, high-power electromagnetic pulse generation techniques and high-power microwave (HPM) technologies have matured to the point where practical electromagnetic bombs (in fact, E-bombs) are becoming technically feasible, with new applications in non-nuclear confrontations. This paper presents in a short form some theoretical considerations about the technology base and applications of the electromagnetic bombs.

Introduction: Pesticide poisoning is an important public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to determine the risk of all-cause and cause-specific inpatient mortality and to identify prognostic factors for inpatient mortality associated with unintentional insecticide and herbicide pesticide poisonings. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 3,986 inpatients recruited at hospitalization between 1999 and 2008 in Taiwan. We used the International Classification of Disease, 9th ed., Clinical Modification external causes of injury codes to classify poisoning agents into accidental poisoning by insecticides and herbicides. Comparisons in mortality rates were made between insecticide poisoning patients and herbicide poisoning patients by using the Cox proportional hazards models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: There were 168 deaths during 21,583 person-days of follow-up evaluation (7.8 per 1,000 person-days). The major causes of mortality for insecticide poisonings were the toxic effect of organophosphate and coma, and the major causes of mortality for herbicide poisonings were the toxic effect of other pesticides and the toxic effect of organophosphate. The mortality for herbicide exposure was fourfold higher than that for insecticide exposure. The factors associated with inpatient mortality were herbicide poisonings (HR = 4.58, 95% CI 3.29 to 6.37) and receiving mechanical ventilation treatment (HR = 3.85, 95% CI 2.73 to 5.42). We demonstrated that herbicides stand out as the dominant agent for poisoning-related fatalities. The control of and limiting access to herbicide agents and developing appropriate therapeutic regimens, including emergency care, should be priorities.

Manufacturing Industry is one of the industrial activities in Indonesia, manufacturing industry is an industry with main activities is to change raw materials, components, or other parts into goods which is according to company specifications standards. In the production floor, activity in the manufacturing industry, the workers have different job specifications with each other. Some works consist of human-machine interaction is found by the activity between workers and lathe machine, welding maching, milling machine, frais machine, and others. The manufacturing industry will increase its ability to serve a variety of better quality products caused by the desire or encouragement of the customers. In general, according to the increase of corporate targets, its also need improvement from the aspect of work performance. To obtain a description of the proposed improvement based on human performance, it is necessary to identify the eight aspects of ergonomics include the consumption of nutritionalfor workers (energy), muscle power, body posture, environment, time conditions, social conditions, information conditions, and human machine interaction. This research use cross sectional method approach that is research done at one time, no follw up, to find the correlation between independent variable (risk factor) with dependent variable (effect). The conclusion of this research is needed nutrition intake or nutrition to recover the workers, it is necessary to design facilities such as manufacturing aids to reduce the use of excess muscle or appropriate technology (TTG). After the application of TTG (Appropriate Technology) to reduce the excessive use of muscle to the workers, the company should provide the nutritional intake accordance with workload of employees in the manufacturing industry

Background: There is accumulating epidemiologic evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and polyaromatic hydro carbons (PAHs), plays a role in etiology and prognosis of a large scale of illnesses, although the role of specific causal agents and underlying mechanisms for different health outcomes remains unknown. Objective: Our general objective was to assess the relations between personal exposure to traffic exhausts, in particular ambient PM 2.5 and PAHs, and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks by applying personal monitoring of PM and biomarkers of exposure (urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide, 1-OHPG) and effect (urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG and DNA strand breaks). We recruited 91 traffic conductors and 53 indoor office workers between May 2009 and June 2011 in Taipei City, Taiwan. We used PM 2.5 personal samplers to collect breathing-zone particulate PAHs samples. Spot urine and blood samples after work shift of 2 consecutive days were analyzed for 1-OHPG, 8-OHdG and DNA strand breaks, respectively. Statistical methods included linear regression and mixed models. Results: Urinary 8-OHdG levels and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks in traffic conductors significantly exceeded those in indoor office workers in mixed models. Particulate PAHs levels showed a positive association with urinary 1-OHPG in the regression model (b = 0.056, p = 0.01). Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly associated with urinary 8-OHdG levels in the mixed model (b = 0.101, p = 0.023). Our results provide evidence that exposure to fine particulates causes DNA damage. Further, particulate PAHs could be biologically active constituents of PM 2.5 with reference to the induction of oxidative DNA damages.

The Optometry program in Schools and Colleges of Optometry leads to a Doctor of Optometry (OD) degree in north America and is usually a post-baccalaureate course of study of four years duration. Historically Optometry developed out of Physics and/or applied optics programs. Optics, and more specifically, geometric optics and it's applications to the human eye plays a significant role in the education of an optometrist. In addition, optometrists are trained in physical optics as well as in radiometry/photometry. Considering the fact that most optometry students come to the program with a biological sciences background implies that educating these students require elucidation of "real-world" applications and clinical relevance to hold their interest. Even though the trend in optometric education in the past few years is to put more emphasis on biological sciences due to the increased scope of practice of the optometrist, optics still continues to play a major role in the training and career of an optometrist, especially with the advent of new technologies in treating low vision, measurement and correction of aberrations of the eye, etc.

Simulations can play an important role in science education. Simulations (enabled by powerful numerical and visualization methods) are excellent tools for teaching optical phenomena. The advantages of using simulations as a tool for teaching optics include, amongst others, (1) giving students an engaging, hands-on active learning experience, (2) helping in understanding equations as physical relationships among experimental measurements and (3) allowing students to investigate phenomena that would not be possible to experiment on in a laboratory or classroom setting. We illustrate the utility of simulations in optics by describing some examples from geometric and physical optics using the open source programming language Python.

Optogenetics is an innovative technique for optical control of cells. This field has exploded over the past decade or so and has given rise to great advances in neuroscience. A variety of applications both from the basic and applied research have emerged, turning the early ideas into a powerful paradigm for cell biology, neuroscience and medical research. This review aims at highlighting the basic concepts that are essential for a comprehensive understanding of optogenetics and some important biological/biomedical applications. Further, emphasis is placed on advancement in optogenetics-associated light-based methods for controlling gene expression, spatially-controlled optogenetic stimulation and detection of cellular activities.

Adaptive optics (AO) is a powerful technique to sharpen images that are blurred for example due to atmospheric turbulence or aberrations of the eye. Originally developed for defense applications over a period of 40 years or so, they have found enormous applications in the astronomical and vision research communities. This paper provides an overview of adaptive optics techniques. Using principles of AO, it is possible to develop a laboratory that teaches various optics concepts, including aberration theory, at many levels. In addition, AO can teach students some fundamentals of control theory.

This paper provides a critical review of the literature on deep learning applications in breast tumor diagnosis using ultrasound and mammography images. It also summarizes recent advances in computer-aided diagnosis/detection (CAD) systems, which make use of new deep learning methods to automatically recognize breast images and improve the accuracy of diagnoses made by radiologists. This review is based upon published literature in the past decade (January 2010-January 2020), where we obtained around 250 research articles, and after an eligibility process, 59 articles were presented in more detail. The main findings in the classification process revealed that new DL-CAD methods are useful and effective screening tools for breast cancer, thus reducing the need for manual feature extraction. The breast tumor research community can utilize this survey as a basis for their current and future studies.

An overview of the applications of deep learning in ophthalmic diagnosis using retinal fundus images is presented. We also review various retinal image datasets that can be used for deep learning purposes. Applications of deep learning for segmentation of optic disk, blood vessels and retinal layer as well as detection of lesions are reviewed. Recent deep learning models for classification of diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy are also reported.

We propose a new method for training convolutional neural networks which integrates reinforcement learning along with supervised learning and use it for transfer learning for classification of glaucoma from colored fundus images. The training method uses hill climbing techniques via two different climber types viz. "random movement" and "random detection" integrated with supervised learning model through stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM) model. The model was trained and tested using the Drishti-GS, and RIM-ONE-r2 datasets having glaucomatous and normal fundus images. The performance for prediction was tested by transfer learning on five CNN architectures namely, GoogLeNet, NASNet,. A 5-fold classification was used for evaluating the performance and high sensitivities while maintaining high accuracies were achieved. Of the models tested, DenseNet-201 architecture performed the best in terms of sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC). This method of training allows transfer learning on small datasets and can be applied for tele-ophthalmology applications including training with local datasets.

Medical brain image analysis is a necessary step in the Computers Assisted /Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems. Advancements in both hardware and software in the past few years have led to improved segmentation and classification of various diseases. In the present work, we review the published literature on systems and algorithms that allow for classification, identification, and detection of White Matter Hyperintensities (WMHs) of brain MRI images specifically in cases of ischemic stroke and demyelinating diseases. For the selection criteria, we used the bibliometric networks. Out of a total of 140 documents we selected 38 articles that deal with the main objectives of this study. Based on the analysis and discussion of the revised documents, there is constant growth in the research and proposal of new models of deep learning to achieve the highest accuracy and reliability of the segmentation of ischemic and demyelinating lesions. Models with indicators (Dice Score, DSC: 0.99) were found, however with little practical application due to the uses of small datasets and lack of reproducibility. Therefore, the main conclusion is to establish multidisciplinary research groups to overcome the gap between CAD developments and their complete utilization in the clinical environment.

Teaching optics to small groups of students allows them to share ideas and leads to discussions, which will enable them to understand concepts better. This is a form of peer teaching/evaluation. This group dynamic favors creativity and inhibits obstacles to learning and understanding due to shyness, and other psychological factors. In addition, this paradigm allows the learner to be an active participant in the learning process rather than a passive recipient of knowledge as in the traditional lecture based teaching methodology. The project proposed here is based on both experimental and numerical approaches. Groups of students will be using simple and inexpensive equipment in a hands-on way. Additionally using numerical tools with open source environments such as the Python programming language allows one to perform numerical experiments. These two approaches are perfectly complementary; indeed the experiments favor observations and measurements and on the other hand numerical modeling favors abstraction and familiarization of mathematical formalisms of the optical phenomena. We propose a pedagogical methodology "Active Learning in Simulating Optics" (ALSO), where the active learning method is used not only for hands on experimentation while numerical modeling facilitates development of computer codes wherein students can design their own experiments. Mixing these two approaches, experimentation and simulation, is also very well adapted in working within projects for the elaboration of a new tools for teaching. This ALSO methodology will be presented along with results from workshops utilizing this technique.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that causes unprovoked and recurrent seizures which according to WHO affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Functional magnetic resonance images (MRI) help to identify certain affected areas of the brain, namely, the gliosis and hippocampal volume loss. These losses cause complex epilepsy, and is known as hippocampal sclerosis or Mesial Temporal Sclerosis (MTS). This work presents the development of a Computer Aided Diagnosis CAD system software package) that can be used to identify the characteristics and patterns of MTS from brain magnetic resonance images. The image processing techniques involve texture analysis, statistical features, evaluation of the 3D Region of interest (ROI), and threshold analysis. The software allows the automatic evaluation of the degeneration of hippocampal structures, hippocampal volume and signal intensity. We will describe and demonstrate the software (which can currently be accessed on GitHub). It is expected that this tool will be useful in new neurology/radiology specialists and can serve as a secondary diagnosis. However, it is necessary to validate the software system qualitatively and quantitatively in order to get more effectiveness and efficiency in a real-world clinical application.

The face gear is used in the spinning machine to lift the spindle mechanism. The face gear are attach with the heart cam for spinning the yarn about spindle. During the working, the tangential force is acting on face gear, which may cause to break the teeth. The tangential load which is acting on the gear is from pinion. The face gear are working similar to the bevel gear and transmitting the power. The intersection axis of both the pinion and gear at right angle to each other. The failure of the gear is due to low strength of the gear material. The beam strength of the face gear is low as compare to the tangential load that why the face gear fail. By changing the material of gear we can prevent the gear from failure. The redesign involve to change the material or to chance the dimension. But in that case, by changing the dimension likes to change the module and thickness which may affect the working of machines. Similarly to change in the setup of machine, in that case it is desira...

The purpose of incorporating an ejector into vapour compression cycle is to improve the COP by reducing the throttling loss associated with the expansion device. A computer simulation of the improved cycle is carried out using a one-dimensional model based on mass, momentum and energy balances. Refrigerant characteristics were evaluated using NIST subroutines for equations of state solutions. According to the results of simulation of the improved cycle, it has been shown that the geometric parameters of the ejector design have considerable effects on the system's performance. The maximum COP is obtained for F opt whose value is around 10. Several refrigerants are considered; it has been observed, at F opt and for given operating conditions, that the best performances are obtained with R141b. Compared with the standard cycle the COP of the improved cycle shows an increase of about 22%.

This paper presents a new algorithm for the use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimate transient parameters of transformer HV winding model, known as detailed model, from frequency response measurements.The ANN with different structures has been discussed in this paper. It is shown that Multi-Layers perception network with Levenberg-Markuardt training algorithm has the best performance. The training and test pattern of this ANN are generated by the sampling of the frequency response of a 2-part detailed model. To reduce the amount of needed training data for ANN, sensitivity of frequency response of detailed model to its transient parameters has been used. The results show that the well-trained ANN can precisely estimate the transient parameters of detailed model.

In this paper, a new generator for converting of sea wave energy to electrical energy is proposed. At the beginning, analytical model of generator is extracted and then 3-D and 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) have been developed and implemented on the dodecahedron tubular linear induction motor/generator. The generator have been studied in normal and heavy weather condition in Persian Gulf and sensitivity analysis of the generator against sea wave period and height on the voltage, efficiency and thrust is studied. The results verify the accuracy of self-excited tubular linear induction generator (SETLIG) model and show that tubular linear induction generator can be used as a powerful tool for converting of wave energy to electrical energy.

Abstrak : Material abu terbang (fly ash) dan abu dasar (bottom ash) yang berasal dari sisa pembakaran batu bara dan rubber sludge dari industri karet merupakan limbah industri. Fly ash mengandung unsur kimia seperti silika, alumina, besi oksida, kalsium oksida, serta unsur logam lainnya yang memiliki sifat sebagai pengikat jika dicampur dengan air. Bottom ash dan rubber sludge juga berfungsi sebagai agregat untuk dapat mengurangi pemakaian pasir. Penambahan abu batubara dan rubber sludge adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap densitas, dan daya serap batako. Persentase penambahan fly ash adalah 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dan 50% dari berat awal semen. Persentase penambahan bottom ash dan rubber sludge sebagai agregat adalah 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% dan 25% dari berat awal pasir dengan waktu pengerasan selama 28 hari. Dari hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampel abu batu bara mengandung logam berat Pb 0,75 ppm; Cr 0,16 ppm; Cu 0,21 ppm; dan sampel rubber sludge mengandung logam Zn sebesar 45...

From a sociological point of view, pre-Modern "non-theoretical geometry" is not adequately described as merely "practical". The "practical geometry" we find in written treatises is mostly that of "scribal" environments, and aims at calculating lengths, areas or volumes from already performed measurements. As a rule it is not interested in geometrical construction, nor in the making of measurements -the fields, broadly speaking, of master builders/architects and surveyors. The paper discusses two cases -one fairly well-established, another more conjectural -where none the less "scribal" practical geometry does reveal traces of (very simple) geometrical construction. Both of these concern the "long run", connecting Old Babylonian, classical ancient and late medieval material. A final instance of weak communication between "scribal" and "surveying" geometry is located in thirteenth-fourteenth33-century France.

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1. Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 2. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 3. Southern University of Science and Technology, China, 4. Hokkaido University, 5. Kyoto University, 6. Nagoya Institute of Technology, 7. Aichi Prefectural University, 8. Aichi University, 9. Chubu University, 10. Nihon University, 11. Osaka University, 12. Tokyo Gakugei University, 13. The University of Electro-Communications, 14. National Central University, Taiwan, 15. Chapman University, US, 16. University of Basilicagta, Italy

Imprecise information on any system is addressed by possibility theory wherein the system is modeled as a fuzzy set. Alpha level representation of a fuzzy set in the form of an interval defines the possibility theory. Uncertainty of any model in this context is quantified as mean value ± standard deviation of a possibilistic (imprecise) parameter. This paper presents the possibilistic statistical techniques to estimate the mean and standard deviation of a possibilistic parameter of subsurface solute transport model. The solute transport model parameters, such as groundwater velocity, solute dispersion coefficient, etc., are sparse and imprecise in nature. Such parameters are characterized by the possibility distribution. In this paper, analytical expression of solute transport model is used to estimate the mean value and standard deviation of possibilistic spatial and temporal concentration of solute.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of simultaneous use of the ripening mutant (nor(A) or rin) and color enhancing mutant genes (og(c) and/or hp) in tomato hybrids with different genotypic backgrounds and genotype combinations. The trial was set up in a plastic house, with in RCB design with 20 genotypes and 3 replications. Ripening mutant genotypes nor(+)/nor(A) and rin(+)/rin reduced early yields, but not total yields. Genotypes bearing one or more mutants nor(A), rin, og(c) or hp showed improved shelf life in comparison to that of normal genotypes. The constitution rin(+)/rin showed the poorest internal color among the genotypes tested. There was a positive effect of og(c+)/og(c), og(c)/og(c) and/or hp(+)/hp on the internal fruit color of normal nor(+)/nor(A) and rin(+)/rin genotypes, but the effect in rin(+)/rin genotypes was not enough as to insure a final color similar to that of normal genotypes. Genotypic constitutions og(c+)/og(c), and og(c)/og(c), in...

Perceived time savings by travelling faster is often cited as a motivation for drivers' speeding behaviour. These time savings, however, come at a cost of significant road injuries and fatalities. While it is known that drivers tend to overestimate the time savings attributable to speeding there is little empirical evidence on how much time drivers genuinely save during day-to-day urban driving and how this relates to speeding-related crashes. The current paper reports on a study to address the lack of empirical evidence on this issue using naturalistic driving data collected from 106 drivers over a period of five weeks. The results show that the average driver saves 26 seconds per day or two minutes per week by speeding. More importantly, the cost of these time savings is one fatality for every 18,947 hours saved by the population on 100 km/h roads and one injury for every 1,407 hours saved on the same roads. Full speed compliance -and consequently a dramatic reduction in the road toll -could be achieved through almost imperceptible increases in travel time by each driver.

Fabric-cast concrete involves casting concrete in forms made with flexible formwork. This provides the potential to produce forms that are both structurally efficient and architecturally exciting in a relatively inexpensive and practical manner. By careful shaping of the fabric it is possible to produce complex shapes that would otherwise be difficult and expensive to produce using conventional formwork systems. This book contains six essays that describe the collaboration between the Universities of Edinburgh and East London, together with the Centre for Architectural and Structural Technology (CAST) at the University of Manitoba, in their detailed and practical research into concrete casting and formwork. Richly illustrated with photographs and diagrams and containing new and innovative research this book offers the architect, engineer and student inspiration and technical guidance in this re-emerging material. Published (publisher's copy) Peer Reviewed

We make every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of information when it is published. However, we can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions that it may contain. RIBA Publishing is part of RIBA Enterprises Ltd www.ribaenterprises.com Fabric Formwork was published with the support of the Concrete Centre,

The construction industry is pivotal in advancing infrastructure but also contributes significantly to environmental degradation through waste generation. This research investigates waste management practices in three construction projects in Chittagong, Bangladesh, aiming to develop a feasible waste management policy. Through a rigorous analysis of site-specific data, the study identifies the types and quantities of waste generated and evaluates existing waste management practices. The paper proposes a policy focused on reducing waste through strategic planning, efficient resource utilization, and enhanced recycling efforts. While the study provides a foundational policy framework and contributes to sustainable construction practices, it also acknowledges its limitations due to the sample size and geographical focus. Future research directions include broader application and longitudinal studies to assess the policy's impact, integration of advanced technological tools for waste tracking, and a more in-depth stakeholder analysis to foster inclusive and comprehensive waste management solutions. This work serves as a stepping stone towards more sustainable construction practices, with implications for environmental, economic, and regulatory aspects of construction waste management.

Kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menerapkan konsep berkomunikasi bisnis pada aktivitas perkuliahan masih rendah. Rendahnya pemahaman konsep peserta didik disebabkan karena pembelajaran yang diterapkan dosen masih bersifat lecturer centered. Dosen hanya menyampaikan materi pembelajaran secara satu arah. Aktivitas belajar mahasiswa menjadi tidak bervariasi, hanya mendengarkan informasi dari dosen saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penerapan pembelajaran berbasis masalah (problem based-learning) pada pembelajaran mata kuliah komunikasi bisnis untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kreatif mahasiswa. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa program studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Institut Informatika dan Bisnis Darmajaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan Juni 2022. Data penelitian diambil dengan metode tindakan kelas dan survey. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Persepsi mahasiswa diukur melalui 7 aspe...

A novel suspended planar-array chips technology is described, which effectively allows molecular multiplexing using a single suspended chip to analyze extraordinarily small volumes. The suspended chips are fabricated by combining silicon-based technology and polymer-pen lithography, obtaining increased molecular pattern flexibility, and improving miniaturization and parallel production. The chip miniaturization is so dramatic that it permits the intracellular analysis of living cells.

L’articolo presenta i principali risultati di esperimenti eseguiti su nodi trave-pilastro innovativi realizzati con struttura composta acciaio e calcestruzzo. Trattasi di cinque prove in cui altrettanti nodi a due vie in scala reale sono sottoposti a spostamenti pseudo-statici di tipo ciclico tali da indurre una condizione di sollecitazione di tipo sismico. Quattro nodi hanno le travi di tipologia mista acciaio e calcestruzzo ed un nodo e interamente in calcestruzzo armato normale per stabilire utili confronti. Per quanto riguarda i primi quattro, due nodi hanno i pilastri in c.a., un nodo e realizzato con pilastro con camicia di acciaio di sezione quadrata ed infine un nodo ha anche i pilastri in struttura reticolare mista. I risultati ottenuti sono analizzati criticamente e confrontati tra loro per poter trarre utili conclusioni sulla duttilita e sulla resistenza dei nodi innovativi nei confronti delle sollecitazioni di natura sismica.

When performing the seismic risk assessment of new or existing buildings, the definition of compact indexes able to measure the damaging and safety level of structures is essential, also in view of the economic considerations on buildings rehabilitation. This paper proposes two series of indexes, named, respectively, Global Damage Indexes (GDIs), which are representative of the overall structure performance, and Section Damage Indexes (SDIs), which assess the conditions of reinforced concrete (RC) beam‐column sections. Such indexes are evaluated by means of an efficient numerical model able to perform nonlinear analyses of the RC frame, based on the continuum damage mechanics theory and fiber approach. An improvement of a two‐parameter damage model for concrete, developed by some of the authors, which guarantees a better correlation between the Local Damage Indexes (LDIs) and the material's mechanical characteristics, is also presented. For the reinforcement, a specific LDI, nam...

Whenever one uses translation invariant mean Green's functions to describe the behavior in the mean and to estimate dispersion coefficients for diffusion in random velocity fields, the spatial homogeneity of the transition probability of the transport process is implicitly assumed. This property can be proved for deterministic initial conditions if, in addition to the statistical homogeneity of the space-random velocity field, the existence of unique classical solutions of the transport equations is ensured. When uniqueness condition fails and translation invariance of the mean Green's function cannot be assumed, as in the case of nonsmooth samples of random velocity fields with exponential correlations, asymptotic dispersion coefficients can still be estimated within an alternative approach using the Itô equation. Numerical simulations confirm the predicted asymptotic behavior of the coefficients, but they also show their dependence on initial conditions at early times, a signature of inhomogeneous transition probabilities. Such memory effects are even more relevant for random initial conditions, which are a result of the past evolution of the process of diffusion in correlated velocity fields, and they persist indefinitely in case of power law correlations. It was found that the transition probabilities for successive times can be spatially homogeneous only if a long-time normal diffusion limit exits. Moreover, when transition probabilities, for either deterministic or random initial states, are spatially homogeneous, they can be explicitly written as Gaussian distributions.

A generalized form of the random walk algorithm to simulate diffusion processes is introduced. Unlike the usual approach, at a given time all the particles from a grid node are simultaneously scattered using the Bernoulli repartition. This procedure saves memory and computing time and no restrictions are imposed for the maximum number of particles to be used in simulations. We prove that for simple diffusion the method generalizes the finite difference scheme and gives the same precision for large enough number of particles. As an example, simulations of diffusion in random velocity field are performed and the main features of the stochastic mathematical model are numerically tested.

Smooth concentration fields and balance equations for systems of random walkers are obtained by using the coarsegrained space‐time averaging method from ]5[ and averages over the statistical ensemble. This yields a new cellular automaton numerical model for diffusion processes. The number of particles and the averaging space‐time scale needed to approximate the concentration, with a given precision, are obtained. Applications were made for systems with small concentrations and diffusion in random fields.

Relationships between statistical properties of Eulerian velocity (in a fixed reference frame) and Lagrangian velocity (i.e. the velocity of marked molecules) are examined for the case of diffusion in velocity fields described by random space functions. Assuming a constant diffusion coefficient and a divergence-free homogeneous Eulerian random field, we give simple proofs of the statistical homogeneity of the Lagrangian velocity field and of the equality between the Lagrangian and Eulerian one-point marginal probability densities. Further, we analyze numerical simulations using velocity fields generated with a classical randomization method. The numerical Eulerian velocity is homogeneous within a reasonably small confidence interval. Surprisingly, at early times the Lagrangian mean velocity still depends on the starting point of the trajectory and shows small oscillations which, however, are well beyond the confidence interval for the Eulerian mean velocity. We demonstrate that the lack of strict statistical homogeneity of the Lagrangian velocity induces a dependence of the second moment of the ensemble averaged concentration on the initial concentration distribution. At large times, the simulated Lagrangian mean velocity tends to the Eulerian mean velocity and the second moment of the mean concentration loses the memory of the initial conditions.

The construction industry in Ghana has come a long way over the years with the introduction of a wide range of materials; both indigenous and imported. The Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) conducted an extensive research on the production of Pozzolana from local resources and licensed Pozzolana Ghana Limited (PGL) as the sole producer of the cement named PozzoMix Portland Cement. One important objective was to reduce cost of cement by 18-20%, and save up to US$30 million annually emanating from imports. The objective of the study was to examine the reason for the low utilization and patronage of Pozzolana cement in the Ghanaian construction industry, Findings from the research indicated that the low patronage of Pozzolana cement was due to a low level of awareness, the lack of commercially available quantities of the product on the market, poor marketing and lack of active governmental support.

The failure history of pre-existing systems can inform a reliability assessment of a new system. Such assessments -consisting of arguments based on evidence from older systems -are attractive and have been used for quite some time for, typically, mechanical/hardware-only systems. But their application to software-based systems brings some challenges. In this paper, we present a conservative, Bayesian approach to software reliability assessment -one that combines reliability evidence from an old system with an assessor's confidence in a newer system being an improved replacement for the old one. We demonstrate, via different scenarios, what a thought-to-be-better replacement formally means in practice, and what it allows one to believe about actual reliability improvement. The results can be used directly in a reliability assessment, or to caution system stakeholders and industry regulators against using other models that give optimistic assessments. For instance, even if one is certain that some new software must be more reliable than an old product, using the reliability distribution for the old software as a prior distribution when assessing the new system gives optimistic, not conservative, predictions for the posterior reliability of the new system after seeing operational testing evidence.

We begin by briefly discussing the reasons why claims of probability of nonperfection (pnp) may sometimes be useful in reasoning about the reliability of software-based systems for safety-critical applications. We identify two ways in which this approach may make the system assessment problem easier. The first concerns the need to assess the chance of lifetime freedom from failure of a single system. The second concerns the need to assess the reliability of multi-channel software-diverse fault tolerant systems -in this paper, 1-out-of-2 systems. In earlier work (Littlewood and Rushby 2012, Littlewood and Povyakalo 2013) it was proposed that, in certain applications, claims for possible perfection of one of the channels in such a system may be feasible. It was shown that in such a case there is a particularly simple conservative expression for system pfd (probability of failure on demand), involving the pfd of one channel, and the pnp of the other. In this paper we address the problem of how to assess such a pnp. In previous work (Zhao 2015) we have addressed this problem when the evidence available is only extensive failurefree working of the system in question. Here we consider the case in which there is, in addition, evidence of the previous success of the software development procedures used to build the system: specifically, several previous similar systems built using the same process have exhibited failure-free working during extensive operational exposure.

Students’ educational outcome can be attributed to how teachers influence the performance of their students. Creating a positive learning environment through one’s self-efficacy and instructional management can serve as barometer for students’ success. This study aims to find out the correlation of teachers’ efficacy and instructional management being important predictors of students’ scholastic performance. The study employed quantitative descriptive method using descriptive statistics. It was conducted at Surigao del Sur State University, Philippines tapping the teachers and students of the College of Teacher Education as the respondents. Complete enumeration was employed for the faculty; while stratified random sampling for the students. It was conducted during the first semester of 2018-2019. The result revealed that the teachers’ sense of efficacy manifested a positive Mean for behavioral management strategies. For the level of instructional management, teachers frequently impl...

We provide an analytical model to describe the filling dynamics of horizontal cylindrical capillaries having charged walls. The presence of surface charge leads to two distinct effects: It leads to a retarding electrical force on the liquid column and also causes a reduced viscous drag force because of decreased velocity gradients at the wall. Both these effects essentially stem from the spontaneous formation of an electric double layer (EDL) and the resulting streaming potential caused by the net capillary-flow-driven advection of ionic species within the EDL. Our results demonstrate that filling of charged capillaries also exhibits the well-known linear and Washburn regimes witnessed for uncharged capillaries, although the filling rate is always lower than that of the uncharged capillary. We attribute this to a competitive success of the lowering of the driving forces (because of electroviscous effects), in comparison to the effect of weaker drag forces. We further reveal that the...