Economic Geography

Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland's seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space.

O presente artigo é o resultado de pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar a gestão do território e suas dinâmicas na área de influência da BR-163, em especial, nos municípios de Itaituba e Rurópolis, na região do Tapajós, estado do Pará, entre 2014 e 2020. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: pesquisa bibliográfico e documental; trabalho de campo e levantamento cartográfico. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, com o avanço do asfaltamento da BR-163 no estado do Pará e a instalação de várias estações de transbordo de cargas de grãos às margens do rio Tapajós (no município de Itaituba), a região vem passando, em pouco tempo, por profundas transformações. As conclusões do estudo indicam a necessidade de fortalecer os instrumentos de gestão e planejamento territorial, sobretudo, com atenção para a qualidade de vida da população dos municípios de Itaituba e Rurópolis.

We live in times of uncertainty, where the transition to a new reality proves to be challenging, especially when considering organizational and personal resistances to change. However, the urgent need for adaptation is evident, particularly in the face of the consequences of the Anthropocene, as described by . Despite the frequent call for a return to "normal," it is crucial to question the desirability of this habitual state, given its influence on environmental issues, unchecked population growth, and unsustainable consumption. Additionally, the concept of "normal" is associated with "business as usual," routine, lack of initiative, and passivity, even in the face of prior knowledge of its negative impacts, as evidenced by Primo Levi (1958). On the other hand, technology, despite its undeniable advantages, imposes a high cost on employment, adding complexity to the scenario. Since the pandemic, despite its devastating effects, there has been significant pressure to adopt emerging technologies. In this regard, the recent World Economic Forum (WEF, 2023) report on the jobs of the future highlights the imminent newness of 85% of professions by 2030, requiring a radically different preparation for future professionals. In this changing landscape, the challenge society is facing is monumental, starting with the university, where the disparity between educational offerings and market demands is evident, as emphasized in the WEF's 2023 report. Curriculum updates are imperative to ensure graduates are prepared for a constantly disruptive market. There is a need for a greater focus on education centered on the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and empathy. The WEF report identifies emerging areas of demand, emphasizing the growing importance of social and emotional skills, as well as specific skills such as artificial intelligence, data analysis, and programming, requiring requalification and continuous learning. All content from JER-JOURNAL OF ENTREPRENEURIAL RESEARCHERS is licensed under Creative Commons, unless otherwise specified and in the case of content retrieved from other bibliographic sources.

The author is indebted to those who agreed to interviews and generously shared their time and expertise in identifying salient issues as well as providing and validating information. Special thanks are due to Prof. Yuri Kazepov for his valuable support and encouraging comments during the various stages of my research.

The research examines whether organised food retail formats contribute to the formation of urban inequalities and if this is the case to see how this contribution is realised. Conventional approaches are found only to produce partial explanations and the research thus followed a Marxist methodology. With this comprehensive and also critical approach, it aims to first contextualise retail activities within the broader system of capitalist political economy and within the urbanisation process and investigates how inequalities are transferred between these systems. Initial researches suggested that the capitalist system, urbanisation process and retail production processes are tightly linked to each other. Further, inequalities created in the production processes are reflected in the urbanisation process. The research focuses on some particular elements to empirically test the theoretical findings in the neo-liberal era. The case of organised food retailers is taken as an exemplar acti...

Since the early 2000s, the "race to the bottom" that typified the "China price" and the model of export-oriented industrialization has been challenged by various factors, triggering another round of industrial restructuring and producing new economic geographies of production and employment in China. This paper provides a review of existing research on the new economic geographies of China's manufacturing industries. In doing so, we seek to show how critical engagements with China may help us "theorize back" at the dominant discourses and theories in economic geography (e.g., global value chain, global production network, new regionalism, spatial fix, and labor agency theories). Specifically, this paper focuses on two strands of literature that have engaged critically with China and sought to remake the economic geography through new insights from China-one on China's new geographical and industrial dynamics and the other on the issue of labor agency and labor regime in China. We argue that the sheer pace and rapidity of regional dynamics in China provide a fertile ground for new conceptual development, methodological innovation, and empirical insights.

The sustainability of social security, including the Portuguese, is a complex social problem of contemporary society that requires an integrated and transdisciplinary study of several sectors of society, particularly child support, late births in adult population, increase in life expectancy of the elderly, and immigrants, among others. This paper sought to give a transdisciplinary (TD) approach to the sustainability challenges of Portuguese social security through the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. This might ensure a dignified retirement for the current elderly and future generations both Portuguese and immigrants.

In this contribution, we analyze residential segregation not just on the basis of dimenions of migration background and income but also according to educational level, class fractions, labor market status, and the employment sector . We use individual-level geocoded data for the entire population of the Metropolitan Area of Amsterdam to analyze residential orientations of households at eight different neighborhood types based on different levels of social mix, taking into account their employment sector, their age, educational attainment, income, type of contract, and migration background. We find that segregation based on income is relatively moderate but segregation on the basis of migration background and educational attainment level is relatively high. Multinomial regression models show that different class fractions are oriented to very different residential milieus. We conclude that a combination of dimensions of social positions yields a more nuanced and better conceptual framework for understanding the social geographies of urban areas.

Economic restructuring and changing demographic and migration patterns have significantly altered the population compositions of urban regions. Whereas there is evidence that employees in various sectors of the economy have different residential preferences, there exists much less insight into the social geography of various class fractions at the level of urban regions. The aims of this paper are (1) to describe the spatial orientations of various employment groups in the largest urban regions in the Netherlands and (2) to understand the extent to which spatial orientations towards various residential urban and suburban milieus can be explained by belonging to a specific class fraction. We draw on individual‐level register data for the whole population of urban regions, applying a multidimensional and detailed perspective on social class that takes into account both economic and cultural capital. We demonstrate a strong urban orientation among the cultural classes, who are often wo...

Since the early 2000s, the "race to the bottom" that typified the "China price" and the model of export-oriented industrialization has been challenged by various factors, triggering another round of industrial restructuring and producing new economic geographies of production and employment in China. This paper provides a review of existing research on the new economic geographies of China's manufacturing industries. In doing so, we seek to show how critical engagements with China may help us "theorize back" at the dominant discourses and theories in economic geography (e.g., global value chain, global production network, new regionalism, spatial fix, and labor agency theories). Specifically, this paper focuses on two strands of literature that have engaged critically with China and sought to remake the economic geography through new insights from China-one on China's new geographical and industrial dynamics and the other on the issue of labor agency and labor regime in China. We argue that the sheer pace and rapidity of regional dynamics in China provide a fertile ground for new conceptual development, methodological innovation, and empirical insights.

Weapon systems acquisition process in any country is one of the main tools to develop national manufacturing and management capabilities. This paper suggests a methodology for Turkish Armed Forces on how to manage the process of identifying provinceal strongholds in industrial subsectors from the military systems acquisition perspective and how to assess the technology processes management capability profiles of firms located in these provinces. I. INTRODUCTION Although the cold war is over, Turkey's geopolitical situation makes it necessary for her to maintain a certain level of military power. Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) still keeps its attractive position for the firms (see Appendix A for the number of defense industry firms in different provinces of the country doing business with Ministry of Defense Undersecretariat for Defense Industry). We suggest that in order to be able to successfully make "Make or Buy" decisions on military weapons systems, Turkey needs to as...

Una delle narrazioni correnti circa l'inizio della colonizzazione europea dell'Africa è che alle esplorazioni ardite di avventurieri e missionari nelle regioni interne del continente-seconda metà del XIX secolo-seguì la penetrazione commerciale e religiosa, tutelata in una fase successiva dalla presenza istituzionale, militare e amministrativa, ma relativamente pacifica dello stato occupante. Salvo poi scoprire che le cose non andarono così lisce; che l'occupazione coloniale fu feroce e sanguinosa. Basti pensare alla perdurante e brutale azione militare francese in Algeria, iniziata nel 1830 e che finì per innestarsi un secolo dopo nella guerra di liberazione che portò all'indipendenza; alle stragi fatte in Libia dal generale Graziani nel primo dopoguerra che perdurarono fin quasi allo scoppio della Seconda guerra mondiale; alle quattro guerre inglesi contro l'Impero Ashanti, tutte nell'Ottocento; alle due guerre del Dahomey (francesi, 1890-1892); alla guerra dei sudafricani bianchi contro gli zulù; e alle guerre dei tedeschi contro i nomadi della Namibia, i contadini del Kenya e dell'Uganda; alle guerre nel Camerun e in Zimbabwe.

Urban income segregation is a widespread phenomenon that challenges societies across the globe. Classical studies on segregation have largely focused on the geographic distribution of residential neighborhoods rather than on patterns of social behaviors and interactions. In this study, we analyze segregation in economic and social interactions by observing credit card transactions and Twitter mentions among thousands of individuals in three culturally different metropolitan areas. We show that segregated interaction is amplified relative to the expected effects of geographic segregation in terms of both purchase activity and online communication. Furthermore, we find that seg-1

Purpose of the research. To examine the economic system of Kazakhstan and its key indicators, specifi cally labor productivity and growth levels.Methodology. Results are justifi ed using a method of decomposition, which analyzes the fl uctuations in total productivity within and between sectors. The research involved an analysis of various sectors of the country from 2010 to 2021.Originality / value of the research. After the pandemic period, the Kazakhstani economy experienced a decline in its main macroeconomic indicators and economic growth dynamics. Consequently, there is now a growing interest in understanding the relationship between employment structure and economic growth. In this paper, the authors discuss the crucial factors that infl uence the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the labor force, as well as the level of their utilization.Findings. The signifi cant fi nding is the impact of contemporary development in Kazakhstan. As the country progresses, there is a no...

The aim of this paper is to identify the main drivers of highly skilled migration between regions. We argue that the spatial mobility of individuals should not be considered in terms of one-off displacements, but rather as a sequence of migration decisions within a certain time period. The important context of the research is provided by the economic transformation of Poland, accompanied by the growing demand for education, and the lack of well-established patterns of graduate mobility. By applying multinomial logit modelling on a unique database of Polish graduates, we find that all the tested migration strategies can be explained in terms of structural factors, human capital characteristics or aspirations/capabilities related variables.

This paper investigates the presence of sigma and beta convergence between the Polish subregions over 1995–2006. We verify for the absolute convergence, as well as for the convergence conditioned on the stock of physical capital, human capital and the size of the central city, these being emphasised in the literature as important factors of regional growth. We also test for the presence of spatial effects in the determination of regional growth rates. In line with research from other countries, we observe a sigma divergence and unconditional beta divergence rather than convergence of income across Polish subregions. Conditional convergence is observed only between the regions around cities of similar size. Large agglomerations in particular increase their economic advantage over peripheral regions during dynamic growth periods in the Polish economy, while during periods of economic slowdown the human capital stock proves significant in determining regional growth.

This article examines the uneven evolution of Russian regional per capita income and productivities during the late 1980s and 90s. Following the studies by Baumol and Barro and Sala-i-Martin, we examine the convergence process of the Russian economy under two aspects. First we point out the sources of growth stressed by the new growth theories (accumulation of physical capital, education effort, and public expenditures). Secondly, we examine the economic-geography perspective, by analysing the impact of the distance to Moscow and the North-East diagonal on growth. This first application to Russian regional data confirms the regional

This article examines the uneven evolution of Russian regional per capita income and productivities during the late 1980s and 90s. Following the studies by Baumol and Barro and Sala-i-Martin, we examine the convergence process of the Russian economy under two aspects. First we point out the sources of growth stressed by the new growth theories (accumulation of physical capital, education effort, and public expenditures). Secondly, we examine the economic-geography perspective, by analysing the impact of the distance to Moscow and the North-East diagonal on growth. This first application to Russian regional data confirms the regional 1

This article analyses the processes of rural shrinking/revitalisation in Spain from the perspective of chain mobilities. It attempts to go beyond the vision that focuses on the depopulation approach. The chain migration perspective is a dynamic means, as it considers the articulation between internal/international, historical/recent migrations and shrinking/revitalisation processes. Spatial mobility is also analysed in relation to the articulation of the local and immigrant population’s intergenerational social mobility processes. The research is based on intensive fieldwork (109 semi-structured interviews) conducted in several shrinking regions in Spain (Galicia, Andalusia and Castilla-La Mancha). Our research reveals how the internal and international exodus of the second half of the twentieth century in Spain, driven by the ‘Developmentalist’ economic model and implemented by Franco’s regime, is the bases for the territorial imbalances and configuration of shrinking rural areas i...

This paper examines the features of successful forms of innovation in rural areas characterized by geographical distance and sparse population. The core questions are: how firms compensate for the lack of a dense local network; how rural clusters are emerging and changing; how firms acquire knowledge for innovation processes; how firms face the challenges of globalization, notably at the level of value chains. The topics will be examined through an analysis of the development of one agricultural area in northern Finland which has industrialized since the mid-1990s in the wake of the growth of the national information and communication technology (ICT) cluster. The findings reveal that the knowledge needed for innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) stems from regional sources-clients of localized networks as well as regional educational and knowledge institutes-whereas the leading firms of the regional networks acquire knowledge from clients, non-local knowledge institutes and national technology programmes.

In the quantitative, macro-oriented triple helix literature, synergy is measured indirectly, through patent data, firm data and other secondary statistical sources. These macro-level quantitative studies do not open up for understanding how different processes of cooperation create different outcomes, in terms of synergies. This article presents an alternative method of measuring quantitatively how different networks of innovation in a variety of ways create different types of complex synergies. This opens up for an empirical analysis of variations of synergy formation, seen as innovation networks with different structures, formed within and between helices, regions and geographical levels. Data was collected through a snapshot survey in 10 regional cases in the Baltic Sea Region. The analysis presents how different networks of innovation within and between helices are formed by different combinations of expectations, experiences and gaps.

We would like to acknowledge the Regional Council of Ostrobothnia, and especially Mr. Jerker Johnson, as well as the other members of the research team Smart specialisering strategi Österbotten for co-operation. Åge Mariussen acknowledges the support of Nordland County Council VRI program through the RISCK project. We would also like to thank the two anonymous referees for valuable comments.

South offers a rich historical diversity reflecting different growth patterns during their initial development and a longer history of African American residential experiences. Previous studies indicate certain neighborhood racial characteristics cancel conditions known to encourage gentrification, such as proximity to downtown. While recent gentrification literature has offered contradictory findings about the importance of neighborhoods with a majority African American population, a key aspect missing from this debate is how U.S. New South cities are set apart from other regions by displaying processes of industrialization, segregation, and immigration that form low-density spatial patterns of urbanization. To that end, Charlotte, NC is used as a case study to reveal how two types of African American neighborhoods near new growth centers, rim villages and streetcar suburbs, become gentrified. Our research reveals that while dynamics of economic change restructure neighborhoods in Charlotte, they also destabilize infrastructure that supports economically and socially struggling African American communities. As mid-sized U.S. New South cities continue to grow, our viewpoint argues that more thorough and geographically sensitive studies are needed to address localized impacts of gentrification on minority neighborhoods to form site specific anti-gentrification strategies.

South offers a rich historical diversity reflecting different growth patterns during their initial development and a longer history of African American residential experiences. Previous studies indicate certain neighborhood racial characteristics cancel conditions known to encourage gentrification, such as proximity to downtown. While recent gentrification literature has offered contradictory findings about the importance of neighborhoods with a majority African American population, a key aspect missing from this debate is how U.S. New South cities are set apart from other regions by displaying processes of industrialization, segregation, and immigration that form low-density spatial patterns of urbanization. To that end, Charlotte, NC is used as a case study to reveal how two types of African American neighborhoods near new growth centers, rim villages and streetcar suburbs, become gentrified. Our research reveals that while dynamics of economic change restructure neighborhoods in Charlotte, they also destabilize infrastructure that supports economically and socially struggling African American communities. As mid-sized U.S. New South cities continue to grow, our viewpoint argues that more thorough and geographically sensitive studies are needed to address localized impacts of gentrification on minority neighborhoods to form site specific anti-gentrification strategies.

Nous voudrions d'abord commencer par remercier le comité ANR 38 "Révolution numérique : Rapports aux savoir et à la culture", par la sélection du projet ANR CreaMaker. Ceci a été le premier projet de recherche compétitif du Laboratoire d'Innovation et Numérique pour l'Éducation (LINE, dorénavant). Le LINE est une unité de recherche en émergence (URE) qui a été créée en 2016 et qui a démarré avec une dotation de fonctionnement de 2500 euros pour une équipe de 10 EC. L'obtention du projet ANR CreaMaker a permis de développer ce programme de recherche qui autrement aurait été impossible dans le contexte de démarrage initial. Le projet ANR CreaMaker a permis d'engager la collaboration avec d'autres laboratoires de recherche tant au sein de l'Université Côte d'Azur qu'à l'extérieur de l'université. Le projet ANR CreaMaker a été aussi un levier important pour le développement d'une ligne de recherche commune avec l'équipe Inria Mnemosyne, qui a pu se concrétiser par une action exploratoire Inria dénommée Artificial Intelligence Devoted to Education (AIDE ) qui est basée sur la tâche 1 CreaCube développée dans le cadre du projet ANR CreaMaker. Le projet #CreaMaker vise à étudier la co-créativité à différents âges mais aussi dans des contextes intergénérationnels. Nous savons, d'après des études antérieures, qu'il existe des différences au même âge en matière de créativité (Romero, Hyvönen et Barberà, 2012), mais le projet #CreaMaker étudie spécifiquement ces différences dans une tâche d'apprentissage en équipe, engageant les participants dans une activité basée "maker". En plus de l'évaluation au même âge de la co-créativité, nous organiserons une deuxième série d'ateliers intergénérationnels de maker (Barma, Romero, et al. 2017) dans lesquels des équipes sont constituées de participants d'âges différents (des élèves du secondaire aux seniors). À travers le projet #CreaMaker, nous visons à étudier cinq hypothèses principales pour répondre à la principale question de recherche du projet #CreaMaker: comment se développe la co-créativité à travers un projet de création dans des groupes intergénérationnels de même âge ? Quatre groupes d'âge sont considérés pour l'étude: les apprenants du secondaire (15 à 18 ans), les jeunes adultes de premier cycle (19 à 29 ans), les apprenants adultes (30 à 59 ans) et les adultes plus âgés (60 à 79 ans). Les ateliers #CreaMaker sont menés en équipes de même âge mais aussi en équipes intergénérationnelles afin de tester l'hypothèse de l'avantage de la co-créativité d'équipes composées de membres de différentes tranches d'âge par rapport à des équipes composées d'une tranche d'âge (H1: les équipes intergénérationnelles sont co-créatifs que les équipes du même âge). Dans les équipes du même âge, nous nous attendons à ce que les participants montrent un niveau de co-créativité plus élevé à des âges 1 5/44 ANR-18-CE38-0001. Rapport intermédiaire. plus jeunes que plus tard dans la vie (H2: les équipes plus jeunes du même âge sont plus co-créatives que les adultes et les équipes plus âgées du même âge) et observent des niveaux de développement de la créativité à travers un projet basé sur le créateur en fonction de la tolérance d'erreur des participants (H3), de la tolérance à l'ambiguïté (H4) et de la prise de risque lors de l'engagement dans des actions créatives (H5). Toutes ces hypothèses seront analysées à la fois en termes de l'état initial, longitudinal et final du développement de la (co) créativité à travers une tâche maker-based. Equipe engagée sur l'ANR CreaMaker L'équipe initiale du projet ANR CreaMaker a été étendue par l'intérêt que le projet a suscité auprès des collègues du LINE mais également auprès d'autres équipes de l'Université Côte d'Azur, l'INRIA et des partenaires internationaux comme le CRIRES au Québec. 6/44 Membre Organisme Principales activités sur le projet ANR CreaMaker Margarida Romero est responsable (PI) du projet ANR CreaMaker.

Copper is one of the most important raw materials in the Carpathian Basin, and its extraction, processing and trade can be traced at least from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages and beyond. Drawing on a variety of sources and research methods, the authors explore the patterns of distribution of this raw material in Europe. The aim of the diachronic analysis is to uncover the networks of connectionscommercial, cultural, and migratorythat can be traced over the long term in the Central European region. It also draws attention to other, less stable links in the Carpathian Basin, which have also influenced the history of the region in certain periods.

The present paper overviews urbanisation and migration process in Asian countries at macro level since 1950s, including the projections made till 2030. It questions the thesis of southward movement of urbanisation and that of urban explosion in Asia. Increased unaffordability of urban space and basic amenities, negative policy perspective towards migration and various rural development pogrammes designed to discourage migration are responsible for this exclusionary urban growth and a distinct decline in urban rural growth differential, with the major exception of China. The changing structure of urban population across different size categories reveals a shift of growth dynamics from large to second order cities and stagnation of small towns. The pace of urbanization has been modest to high in select countries in Asia, not because of their level of economic growth but its composition and labour intensity of rapidly growing informal sectors. Several countries have launched programmes for improving governance and infrastructural facilities in a few large cities, attracting private investors from within as well as outside the country. These have pushed out squatter settlements, informal sector businesses along with a large number of pollutant industries to a few pockets and peripheries of the cities. The income level and quality of basic amenities in these cities, as a result, have gone up but that has been associated with increased intra-city disparity and creation of degenerated periphery. Nonetheless, there is no strong evidence that urbanization is associated with destabilization of agrarian economy, poverty and immiserisation, despite the measures of globalization resulting in regional imbalances. The overview of the trend and pattern suggests that the pace of urbanization would be reasonably high but much below the level projected by UNPD in the coming decades.

Praktik Lapangan Terbimbing (PLT) merupakan kesempatan bagi mahasiswa untuk mengaplikasikan atau menerapkan ilmu yang telah dipelajarinya di bangku perkuliahan. Pada saat PLT ini mahasiswa diberikan kesempatan untuk mengaplikasikan teori-teori tersebut sekaligus mencari ilmu secara empirik dan bersifat faktual, tidak sekedar teoritis seperti pada saat di perkuliahan Praktik Lapangan Terbimbing (PLT) diharapkan dapat menjadi bekal bagi mahasiswa sebagai wahana pembentukan tenaga kependidikan professional yang memiliki nilai, sikap, pengetahuan, dan ketrampilan yang siap dalam memasuki dunia pendidikan. Salah satu lokasi yang menjadi sasaran tempat pelaksanaan program PLT pada semester khusus tahun 2017 ini adalah di SMP Negeri 1 Salam yang bertempat di Desa Gulon, Kecamatan Salam, Kabupaten Magelang, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Program PLT ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 15 September s.d. 15 November 2017. Mata pelajaran yang diampu adalah mata pelajaran Seni Musik kelas VII dan kelas VIII. ...

Despite the importance attributed to the effects of diversity on the stability and prosperity of nations, the origins of the uneven distribution of ethnic and cultural fragmentation across countries have been underexplored. Building on the role of deeply-rooted biogeographical forces in comparative development, this research empirically demonstrates that genetic diversity, predominantly determined during the prehistoric "out of Africa" migration of humans, is an underlying cause of various existing manifestations of ethnolinguistic heterogeneity. Further exploration of this uncharted territory may revolutionize the understanding of the effects of deeply-rooted factors on economic development and the composition of human capital across the globe.

This paper exploits cross-country variation in the degree of geographical isolation, prior to the advent of sea-faring and airborne transportation technologies, to examine its impact on the course of economic development across the globe. The empirical investigation establishes that prehistoric geographical isolation has generated a persistent beneficial effect on the process of development and contributed to the contemporary variation in the standard of living across countries.

This research argues that deep-rooted factors, determined tens of thousands of years ago, had a significant effect on the course of economic development from the dawn of human civilization to the contemporary era. It advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance from the cradle of humankind to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a longlasting effect on the pattern of comparative economic development that is not captured by geographical, institutional, and cultural factors. In particular, the level of genetic diversity within a society is found to have a hump-shaped effect on development outcomes in both the pre-colonial and the modern era, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the intermediate level of genetic diversity prevalent among Asian and European populations has been conducive for development, the high degree of diversity among African populations and the low degree of diversity among Native American populations have been a detrimental force in the development of these regions. This paper argues that deep-rooted factors, determined tens of thousands of years ago, have had a significant effect on the course of economic development from the dawn of human

This research explores the economic causes and consequences of language structures. It advances the hypothesis and establishes empirically that variations in pre-industrial geographical characteristics that were conducive to higher return to agricultural investment, larger gender gap in agricultural productivity, and more hierarchical society, are at the root of existing cross-language variations in the presence of the future tense, grammatical gender, and politeness distinctions. Moreover, the research suggests that while language structures have largely reflected the coding of past human experience and in particular the range of ancestral cultural traits in society, they independently affected human behavior and economic outcomes.

The paper explores the evolution of the sectoral concentration of regional workforces across the EU’s 272 NUTS level II territories and 42 territories of associated countries in the wake of the international financial and economic crisis (2009) up to 2013 through the use of location quotients (27.5 thousand computations). Bird’s eye views of the findings, in the form of maps, are attached.

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of scale and location on the multiplier values associated with tourism expenditure in each of the regions of Indonesia. Furthermore, various factors are examined that determine the economic impacts of tourism to better understand how scale of accommodation and location can be used as a conceptual framework to help comprehend the patterns and interactions across regions. These concepts may be used to reveal the complexities underlying the fundamental structures in developing countries to show to what extent development facilitates tourism, and to what extent tourism encourages development. The specific objectives of the research are as follows: 1. To examine the effects of scale of accommodation on the multiplier values within the framework of similarities and differences in the levels of development, density and accessibility in the regions. The results can be used to identify the factors that influence the economic impact of tourism. This perspective examines tourism not only as a source of demand but also the simultaneous relationship between supply and demand within the intersectoral linkages of the nationalregional Indonesian economic structure. 2. To examine the locational effects on the characteristics of multiplier values associated with tourism within the coreperiphery relationship of the 27 regions of Indonesia. The study analyses the different locations of these regions as tourism destinations and compares how they act as a mediating absorption force for tourism's contribution to regional development. ii 3. To determine the characteristics of the economic impact of tourism in order to aid regional development planning with a better understanding of the concept of intersectoral and interspatial systems by treating tourism in a holistic manner and putting it in a broader context. Tourism, similar to other export industries, involves intersectoral activities, which is based on the recognition that the various sectors that make up the structure of the economy are interdependent. What makes tourism a unique phenomenon compared to other consumer-production relationships is that tourists must travel to the location of the destination in order to consume its product. It is this essential characteristic of tourism that ensures that it has a simultaneous effect not only on economic but also social, environmental and cultural structures in the region concerned. However, the impacts on environment and socio-cultural matters are outside the scope of the thesis. Due to these complex realities, tourism in developing countries can not be approached only in terms of master planning or marketing, rather it is fundamentally a problem of development. The main findings of this research indicate that each region has its own regional differentiation and unique characteristics. These differences involve location or accessibility, proximity to the centres of economic activities, regional economic structures, type and characteristics of tourist activities, and spending patterns. These findings seem to confirm the combined input/output and deductive gravity principles whereby the effects of interlinkages and interspatial factors are strongly intertwined in determining multiplier values of tourism across regions. iii In brief, the less developed the regions, and the farther the accessibility from the centre, the smaller the resulting multiplier values. There is a concept of 'absorption' involved in these relationships, in that multiplier values are gradually absorbed in proportion to flow per unit of economic distance. This evidence suggests that tourism in Indonesia is strongly related not only to development disparities but also to locational constraints. It is hoped that these findings, which offer an understanding of the contribution of scale and location in tourism and regional development, may help address national and regional tourism development policy-making and strategies in developing countries.

When a young fruit and vegetable vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself on fire in Sidi Bouzid, a small city in central Tunisia, on December 17, 2010, he ignited demonstrations that helped topple the country’s autocratic ruler (Fahim 2011). The volatility of the economy of the street helps explain his desperate act: he might have conducted business without a permit, city officials confiscated his goods, they even slapped him, and, meanwhile, his debt grew, making him unable to bribe officials to overlook his vending. In fact, changing combinations of circumstances like these give street economies their ambiguous nature and complicate the explanatory power of worn-out analytical dichotomies like public–private, illegal–legal, and informal–formal. Focusing on economic, political, social, and cultural dynamics of street economies across the urban Global South,1 this volume showcases the embeddedness of street economies with cultural practices and norms shaping vendors’ life worlds and t...

Do urban morphological parameters trickle down to impact the diversity and granularity of a district's housing stock? Do urban morphological parameters impact housing rental values? These are the main questions underpinning this mixed-method study of four districts across Madrid and Barcelona-two districts developed in a bottom-up manner and exhibiting high morphological heterogeneity, and two developed in a top-down manner and exhibiting high morphological homogeneity. The large-scale statistical analyses conducted from October 2021 to May 2022 via the course of this research delves into the cross-district variations and commonalities of residential values, dwelling unit sizes, plot sizes, block sizes, and street widths. Three findings of import are uncovered-( ) possessing an intricate urban-morphological (or housing stock) granularity does not come hand-in-hand with having high urban morphological (or housing stock) diversity; (2) despite not possessing a higher diversity of urban morphological elements, the bottom-up districts still behaved as slightly-divergent and more-affordable real estate bubbles when compared to the top-down neighborhoods; and (3) across all the districts examined, smaller-scale plots consistently supported more than their expected share of smaller-scale dwelling units.

This article explores the impact of globalization and the internationalization of education standards and schools. It examines both the concerns raised by critics and the counterarguments presented by proponents. Critics express worries about inequality, teaching methods, and cultural diversity, while proponents argue that these processes can lead to accessible, high-quality education, promote critical thinking and creativity, and allow for customization within a framework of international standards. The article highlights the potential benefits and challenges of globalization in education and emphasizes the importance of balanced approaches that ensure equal educational opportunities for all students worldwide.

This paper analyses the differential impact of several territorial determinants of the economic performance of Italian provinces (NUTS 3 level). as measured by per capita GDP, export and employment growth from 1999 to 2014. It covers both the pre‐crisis and the crisis period and stresses the role of geographical proximity in shaping local performance over a wide set of explanatory variables. In order to do so, we employ, firstly, a spatial Durbin model which enables us to discriminate between direct and indirect effects and to highlight the possible contagion or crowding‐out spatial effects for each territorial dimension affecting growth. Then, we extend the analysis by allowing for the possibility of two regimes (pre‐crisis and post‐crisis). The performance of the provinces before and during the crisis relates to specific territorial components and geographic proximity appears to influence differently the results and their interpretation.

The analyses on the effects of the actual crisis have been mainly concentrated on a national and international dimension, leaving aside the differential effects of the crisis on regions and sub-regional areas. Notwithstanding the international character of the Great Recession, it has to be stressed that the different structural features of regions and urban areas might influence the economic and social impact of the crisis. They also might have an important effect on the resilience and recover chance. In the present paper, we focus on territorial capital, a concept that takes into account of the different features of goods and services in terms of their degree of appropriability and rivalry and, also, of their material-immaterial content. The aim is to identify the strategic territorial elements which help in the evaluation of the absorption capacity of the recession at regional and sub-regional levels. For that purpose, we use a wide dataset for Central and Southern Italian provinces in order to measure the empirical relations between the territorial capital and the change in the provincial performance. The intent is to measure how the territorial capital endowment might have determined different reactions on a sub-regional scale and, conversely, how the crisis might influence the territorial capital in different areas. If, on one hand, we expect that the "soft" dimensions of the territorial capital (relations among firms, cooperation networks, public-private partnership, territorial governance, innovation linkages, and so on) have some relevance in shaping the growth process of less developed and peripheral areas, the role of these dimensions in the reaction to crisis is still to be debated. The paper examines the relation between territorial capital and performance at NUTS-3 (provincial) level. during the period 1999-2011 and on the basis of exports and employment dynamics.