Development Economics

Following the Taliban's takeover in August 2021, Afghanistan confronts compounded challenges from both seismic political shifts and catastrophic natural events. Earthquakes in Khost and Herat provinces have resulted in thousands of casualties, with the majority being women and children, highlighting structural vulnerabilities of Afghan homes made from sun-dried bricks. Concurrently, the Taliban's restriction on women's participation in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has strained essential health and aid services. This situation is exacerbated by international decisions to reduce aid allocations. This convergence of crises has disproportionately affected women and children, with potential surges in malnutrition, diseases, and child marriages. This scenario underscores the urgent need for the global community to prioritize humanitarian considerations over political disagreements, ensuring aid reaches the vulnerable and NGOs can operate amidst ongoing challenges.

The paper investigates the relationship between income inequality and future income growth rates of households at different points of the income distribution. The analysis uses micro-census data from U.S. states covering the period from 1960 to 2010, and controls for exposure to imports from China and share of routine jobs, among other variables. It finds evidence that high levels of inequality reduce the income growth of the poor but, if anything, help the growth of the rich.

O estudo se inscreve no contexto de uma pesquisa de doutorado sobre dinâmicas da ação pública territorializada, desenvolvida no norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, mais precisamente no Território Portal da Amazônia. Duas experiências estão atualmente em curso: uma primeira estratégia concerne a iniciativa do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), implementada via Programa de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável Rural (PDTRS) e a segunda diz respeito ao Programa dos Consórcios Intermunicipais de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Socioambiental, implementado pelo governo do Estado de Mato Grosso. Ambas as iniciativas são baseadas na criação de novas identidades intermunicipais, dotadas de um conselho e sobre a elaboração coletiva de projetos de caráter territorial. O princípio de desenvolvimento econômico é assegurado pelo financiamento de infra-estruturas produtivas coletivas. No entanto, o princípio ecológico ou de gestão e preservação dos recursos naturais é secundarizado nas ações estratégicas desses programas, apesar do discurso à valorização da multifuncionalidade da agricultura e dos espaços rurais. A dimensão do território, as exigências de projetos intermunicipais, o financiamento exclusivo de equipamentos coletivos e o modo de governança, privilegiam a entrada econômica segundo uma lógica de cadeias produtivas que limita fortemente ações de caráter ambiental. O objetivo do estudo é examinar como e em que esses dois instrumentos de desenvolvimento territorializado contribuem efetivamente à construção de uma dinâmica de desenvolvimento rural sustentável e de natureza territorial para a agricultura da região e por meio de que interações entre as diferentes categorias de atores implicados.

O estudo se inscreve no contexto de uma pesquisa de doutorado sobre dinâmicas da ação pública territorializada, desenvolvida no norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, mais precisamente no Território Portal da Amazônia. Duas experiências estão atualmente em curso: uma primeira estratégia concerne a iniciativa do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), implementada via Programa de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável Rural (PDTRS) e a segunda diz respeito ao Programa dos Consórcios Intermunicipais de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Socioambiental, implementado pelo governo do Estado de Mato Grosso. Ambas as iniciativas são baseadas na criação de novas identidades intermunicipais, dotadas de um conselho e sobre a elaboração coletiva de projetos de caráter territorial. O princípio de desenvolvimento econômico é assegurado pelo financiamento de infra-estruturas produtivas coletivas. No entanto, o princípio ecológico ou de gestão e preservação dos recursos naturais é secundarizado nas ações estratégicas desses programas, apesar do discurso à valorização da multifuncionalidade da agricultura e dos espaços rurais. A dimensão do território, as exigências de projetos intermunicipais, o financiamento exclusivo de equipamentos coletivos e o modo de governança, privilegiam a entrada econômica segundo uma lógica de cadeias produtivas que limita fortemente ações de caráter ambiental. O objetivo do estudo é examinar como e em que esses dois instrumentos de desenvolvimento territorializado contribuem efetivamente à construção de uma dinâmica de desenvolvimento rural sustentável e de natureza territorial para a agricultura da região e por meio de que interações entre as diferentes categorias de atores implicados.

O estudo se inscreve no contexto de uma pesquisa de doutorado sobre dinâmicas da acao publica territorializada, desenvolvida no norte do Estado de Mato Grosso, mais precisamente no Territorio Portal da Amazonia. Duas experiencias estao atualmente em curso: uma primeira estrategia concerne a iniciativa do Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Agrario (MDA), implementada via Programa de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentavel Rural (PDTRS) e a segunda diz respeito ao Programa dos Consorcios Intermunicipais de Desenvolvimento Economico e Socioambiental, implementado pelo governo do Estado de Mato Grosso. Ambas as iniciativas sao baseadas na criacao de novas identidades intermunicipais, dotadas de um conselho e sobre a elaboracao coletiva de projetos de carater territorial. O principio de desenvolvimento economico e assegurado pelo financiamento de infra-estruturas produtivas coletivas. No entanto, o principio ecologico ou de gestao e preservacao dos recursos naturais e secundarizado nas acoes ...

En el trabajo se trata de identificar cuáles son las principales variables que intervienen en el desarrollo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTI) de manera de poder utilizar ese conocimiento para hacer propuestas que guíen la planificación y la acción para lograr el mejor desarrollo de Venezuela en este campo. Para lograrlo se han revisado las experiencias seguidas en los últimos 50 años en algunos países desarrollados (Estados Unidos, China, Alemania y Finlandia) y en países en desarrollo, destacados de América Latina (Brasil, Argentina y México). Se han revisado los enfoques, planes, organización institucional y resultados en las políticas tecnológicas y de innovación, la estructura de sus industrias y qué están haciendo para desarrollar las industrias creativas. Para cada país se idéntica un conjunto de aprendizajes útiles para comprender los factores claves que intervienen en sus actuaciones en CTI. Para finalizar se hace un resumen de los principales aprendizajes para países desarrollados y en desarrollo

2 Abstract: The study develops a rate of return on Islamic methods of finance that effects in Pakistani financial organizations. It is necessary that we can understand the rate of return and their implications in Islamic way. This research is created a central role on basis of this research that we have sustained the same idea but focused on rate of return of the Islamic financial institutes with respect to general interest rates of other institutes. This was completed by examine the investors working situation, as an experience and as a progression. This study includes and relates to procedural approach, which we have expressed like "science by doing". This aims of this study is to clear Market Discipline of different Institutions such as banks, financial institutes offering different Islamic Financial Services to the customers. These Islamic organizations, goods and their services planned to fulfill with the Islamic law and prohibit the interest rate. It is one of the ma...

Optimization is one of the most important aspects in power system study fields, especially in power system operation, and a verity of models and approaches has been presented in this area. Each model tries to get the best solution as an optimal point, without trapping in local optima. As a powerful tool, modeling based on expert systems and simulation of natural process has an importance and noticeable value in this regard. Since most of power system optimization problems are complex and nonlinear with heavy equality and inequality constraints, the heuristic optimization techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are considered as realistic and powerful solution schemes to obtain the optimal or quasi-optimal solutions in power system optimization problems. As a lot of papers and researches have been published based on applying PSO in power system operation studies, in this paper a general view on PSO proposed models and approaches in this related is presented. The studies such as UC, ED, OPF, Reactive power compensation, Load forecasting, FACTS, and so on based on PSO proposed models, comparing their benefits and drawbacks are presented.

Цифрові технології стали рушійною силою суспільства. Ключовим фактором, який стимулює інформатизацію й цифровізацію суспільства є підвищення досяжності для звичайних користувачів апаратного та програмного забезпечення, масове виведення з використання морально застарілих персональних комп’ютерів, розвиток мережевих технологій тощо. Усе це привело до кардинальних змін у сфері ведення бізнесу. Зміни, які характеризують цифровізацію суспільства, потребують постійного аналізу бізнес-оточення. Для ефективного використання новітніх цифрових технологій бізнес повинен відмовитися від старих традиційних методів і повністю перетворити процеси й моделі роботи з урахуванням нових реалій. Цифрова трансформація змінює не лише підходи до роботи, а й життєвий цикл компанії. Найбільша складність, із якою зіштовхується бізнес під час трансформації, – люди та зміна їх мислення, подолання стереотипів. Кожна компанія вибирає спосіб цифрової трансформації бізнесу, використовуючи свою бізнес-модель, що обу...

A study was carried out for two consecutive years (2018-19 and 2019-20) at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture Indore of Madhya Pradesh. Four cropping systems viz. Soybean -Chickpea, Maize-Chickpea, Maize-Sweet corn (Green cob) and Soybean-Onion were sown for the trial. Rabi crops were irrigated through the water stored in farm pond (rainwater harvesting structure). The study reported that during 2018-19, Soybean and maize yield was 1630 kg/ha and 4333 kg/ha respectively whereas in 2019-20 it was 919 kg/ha and 652 kg/ha respectively. Productivity of Kharif crops in second year severely affected due to excess and continue rain fall during crop growth period. Annual rainfall for the years were 756.7mm and 1565.4mm respectively whereas normal annual rainfall is 984mm Water use efficiency of soybean and Maize were 2.62 kg/ha-mm and 7.87 kg/ha-mm respectively during kharif of year 2018-19, whereas next year, WUE of soybean and Maize were 0.64 kg/ha-mm and 0.45kg/ha-mm respectively. On the basis of pooled data of economics of different system, it is clear that Soybean -Onion found the more remunerative as it recorded total net returns Rs. 189161/per hectare with B: C ratio 4.16 whereas, the lowest was recorded with Soybean -Chickpea (Rs. 64551/with B: C ratio 2.8). Yield, WUE and economics of the crops clearly indicate that climate change severely affects the kharif crops but rainwater stored in farm pond can mitigate it in rabi crops.

This paper contributes to the literature on the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in oil extraction communities of developing countries. It specifically examines the impact of Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) interventions of multinational oil companies (MOCs) on preventing a resurgence of violence in the Ogoniland of Nigeria. One thousand, two hundred respondent households were sampled across the six kingdoms of Ogoniland. Results from the use of a combined propensity score matching (PSM) and logit model show that GMoUs of MOCs generate significant reductions on key drivers of insurgence in Ogoniland. This suggests that taking on more Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) should form the basis for CSR practice in Ogoniland with the objective of equipping young people with entrepreneurship skills, creating employment, promoting environmental clean-up, and checking the return of violent conflicts. This in turn provides the enabling environment for businesses to thrive in the Nigeria's oil producing region.

This essay considers the obstacles to democracy in Africa, with a focus on structural, cultural, and historical barriers. It highlights the long-term legacy of colonialism, which fragmented indigenous political orders, and the persistence of authoritarianism, weak institutions, and corruption. Cultural factors, including customary patterns of power and low political participation, also pose challenges to democratic progress. Although these challenges exist, the essay suggests potential solutions, such as strengthening institutions and civic participation. It also provides a ranked assessment of the democratic cultures of African states and offers hints at the prospects of political stability and democratic consolidation in the continent.

The recent unprovoked military invasion by the Russian Federation into independent Ukraine has posed an unprecedented challenge to the modern world. Ukraine, as the primary battleground, has borne the brunt of these consequences, with its economy operating under wartime conditions, burdened by numerous restrictions. This article explores potential paths for Ukraine's economic development in the post-war period. Drawing from global examples of countries recovering from armed conflicts, the article emphasizes the importance of external support and timely utilization of opportunities. It reviews relevant literature and highlights the need for strategic planning and mechanisms to achieve sustainable development goals in post-conflict scenarios. The article delves into the dualistic nature of Ukraine's current economic situation, discussing both the destructive impacts of the war and emerging development opportunities. The article outlines the two phases of Ukraine's economic reconstruction: pre-conclusion of military operations and post-conclusion. It explores critical aspects of post-war recovery, including rebuilding infrastructure, revitalizing the economy, and achieving sustainable economic growth. The article presents Ukraine's vision for a comprehensive post-war economic recovery plan, akin to the "Marshall Plan". Emphasizing Ukraine's potential for innovation and competitiveness, the article highlights the importance of supporting innovation and adopting the Quadruple Helix Model to engage citizens and civil society in the innovation process. It underscores the significance of local self-government in stimulating economic growth and social stability. In conclusion, the article asserts that Ukraine's post-war recovery requires a comprehensive and strategic approach, substantial international support, and a commitment to innovation and local development. It underscores the importance of creating an environment that promotes economic growth, social justice, and citizen participation in shaping Ukraine's future.

The concept of “Ghana Beyond Aid” has emerged as an economic and foreign policy framework initiated by the Government of Ghana as a national transformation agenda. It is a central theme in the economic and political discourse of Ghana. The policy advocates for self-reliance and reduction of aid and assistance. This academic research critically examines whether the vision of Ghana Beyond Aid is a feasible policy framework or merely rhetorical in nature. The study investigates the economic, and political perspective surrounding the Ghana Beyond Aid agenda, assessing the practical implications, and challenges so far associated with its implementation. Through a thorough analysis of economic policy documents, and literature this research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the extent to which Ghana can develop beyond aid, potential barriers, and challenges so far in the implementation process.

Immanuel Kant was the first modern philosopher to attempt a dialectical combination of European rationalism and English empiricism. He was inspired by a sense of humanity becoming closer together through the eighteenth-century liberal Enlightenment, the American and French revolutions, and the international movement to abolish slavery. He held that reason would be more effective when extended beyond the individual level to the species. He published the first book on anthropology when coalitions of states were gearing up to divide the world between them; yet he saw that antagonism could ultimately be a stimulus towards universal social justice, law, and a peaceful world order sustained by cosmopolitan philosophy and a growing sense of world citizenship inspired by a categorical imperative to place morality above laws.

The paper examines the impact of export promotion on aggregate unemployment. We find that increases in the share of Export Promotion Agencies' (EPAs) budgets on total exports lead to small decreases in aggregate unemployment. This effect is amplified when export promotion efforts are concentrated in sectors in which the country has a comparative advantage. On the other hand, when EPAs aim at reducing aggregate unemployment by focusing their efforts in sectors with high levels of unemployment, then aggregate unemployment increases. These results suggest that even if EPAs' priorities were to shift towards reducing unemployment, this would be better addressed by focusing on sectors in which the country has a comparative advantage rather than sectors with high labor market frictions.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

As the Trump administra on establishes its foreign policy creden als in the Asia Pacific region where China plays an increasingly central role, it issues mixed signals on the direc on of the US foreign aid program. On the one hand, President Trump has announced cuts in reproduc ve health programs, and proposed across the board cuts of 25% in the U.S. Agency for Interna onal Development (USAID) budget, but there have been no announcements on the US foreign aid program more generally, nor have senior appointments been made to USAID to guide a new program.

The present paper overviews urbanisation and migration process in Asian countries at macro level since 1950s, including the projections made till 2030. It questions the thesis of southward movement of urbanisation and that of urban explosion in Asia. Increased unaffordability of urban space and basic amenities, negative policy perspective towards migration and various rural development pogrammes designed to discourage migration are responsible for this exclusionary urban growth and a distinct decline in urban rural growth differential, with the major exception of China. The changing structure of urban population across different size categories reveals a shift of growth dynamics from large to second order cities and stagnation of small towns. The pace of urbanization has been modest to high in select countries in Asia, not because of their level of economic growth but its composition and labour intensity of rapidly growing informal sectors. Several countries have launched programmes for improving governance and infrastructural facilities in a few large cities, attracting private investors from within as well as outside the country. These have pushed out squatter settlements, informal sector businesses along with a large number of pollutant industries to a few pockets and peripheries of the cities. The income level and quality of basic amenities in these cities, as a result, have gone up but that has been associated with increased intra-city disparity and creation of degenerated periphery. Nonetheless, there is no strong evidence that urbanization is associated with destabilization of agrarian economy, poverty and immiserisation, despite the measures of globalization resulting in regional imbalances. The overview of the trend and pattern suggests that the pace of urbanization would be reasonably high but much below the level projected by UNPD in the coming decades.

En 642, les troupes syriennes occupaient l'Égypte et la Cyrénaïque. Elles lançaient leurs premiers raids contre Leptis-Magna, Térablès et Capéssa. Le deuxième calife des rashedeen, Omar Ibn El-Khatab avait conquis le grand Shem et l'Egypte mais ne croyait pas à une conquête de l'Ifriqiya de son vivant ». Son successeur, Othman Ibn Naafa renforça les bases de Foustat, Berka… et poursuivit la conquête de la Tripolitaine. En 644, les troupes arabes tombaient sur Sébrata, Gribis, Técapès. En 647, elles pillaient Sufutéla. Le Patrice Grégoire fut tué au combat ; la princesse, raptée. La convoitise des trésors intensifia les appétits de conquête. Un sort similaire fut réservé à Cassérine, Capéssa, Tebessa. D'énormes trésors étaient ramenés vers Damas. Après la mort du quatrième calife, en 661, la conquête de l'Ifriqiya fut poursuivie par Mouawiya ibn Abou Sofian, premier calife des omeyades. En 663, il chargea Rouwayfa el-Ansari de missions de reconnaissance à Guédamès, Méninx, le Chott et la région du Karn. En 665, les troupes de Mouawyia Ibn Hodayj pénétrèrent le Byzacène, pillaient la forteresse de Jalloula et prenaient position sur le site de Mantour, actuel Kairouan. Toutes les régions furent pillées à l'exception de Thysdrus. Les cités ouvertes, attractives aux pillards, tombaient les unes après l'autre. Carthage n'apportait pas de soutien aux cités assaillies et ne tenait pas son rôle de Capitale d'Afrique. Isolées, saignées, épuisées, ruinées… les cités d'Afrique finissaient antiques ! A son tour, Carthage subissait les premiers assauts omeyades en 665. L'Exarque Guénadios versa un tribut pour éviter la guerre et croyait gagner la coopération de Damas contre le pouvoir byzantin installé à Syracuse. Les omeyades poursuivirent leurs raids sur la Sicile. En 668, Abdallah Ben Kais de Fezzaza pilla Syracuse et fut discrédité par son souverain de Damas parce qu'il avait rapporté des statuettes alors que la religion Islamique rejetait l'idolâtrie ! Un nouveau conquérant avançait régulièrement depuis le sud mais Carthage ne tenait pas son rôle de capitale d'Afrique. Elle n'apportait pas de soutien aux cités esseulées et ne répondait pas aux demandes de Constant II. L'empereur byzantin, installé à Syracuse, réclamait un soutien pour sa flotte marine. La stratégie de Carthage était incomprise. Elle ne tenait pas son rôle de puissance continentale, n'apportait pas de soutien à l'alliance impériale mais elle satisfaisait aux demandes du nouveau conquérant. Mohammed Ibn-Abdalla el-Muta'lib a pris le pouvoir sur Koreich, unifia les tribus de la péninsule arabique. Il devenait le prophète de l'Islam. Après son décès en 632, les successeurs étendirent leurs conquêtes jusqu'aux rives de la Méditerranée et des territoires de l'Afrasie avec des victoires sur les puissants empires et royaumes byzantins, perses et égyptiens. Les premiers raids arabes s'abattaient sur la tripolitaine vers l'an, 642-643, à Leptis-Magna, Giorgius et Ghribis mais le second calife renonça à la conquête de l'Ifriquiya. Omar Ibn El khatab avait dit : « nous ne parviendrons pas à conquérir le territoire des perfides tant que mes yeux humecteront des larmes ». . « Les PERFIDES étaient nos ancêtres les noraf ». Ce renoncement à l'ifriqiya signifiait une difficulté de conquête, un refus de soumission de ces population ou d'adhésion à leurs thèses. Le 3 ième Calife ordonna le renforcement de bases à Berka et Térablès. Les raids arabes, soutenus par les armées égyptiennes et lybiennes étaient lacées contre Capéca, Kasserin entre 647 et 649 et une bataille décisive sur Sufutela, qui était la principale ville du sud. Après l'assassinat du 4 e calife, la nouvelle dynastie de Mouaouiya Ibn Abou sofian poursuivit la conquête d'Ifriqiya (663 à 684). Les Omeyades affrontèrent Carthage en 665, pillèrent Syracuse en 669, fondèrent la garnison de Kairouan en 669. Ils combattirent les tribus berbères tout au long du 7 e siècle. Carthage fut définitivement vaincue en 703. Les omeyades poursuivaient leurs conquêtes du Maghreb central à l'Ifriqiya Extrême, de l'Ibérie, jusqu'en Provence. QUESTION 1.2 : Les conquérants étaient-ils arabes, omeyades ou musulmans ? La conquête arabe a été initiée par les Quoraichites et les califes rashedeens. Les omeyades arrivaient après 661, étaient donc postérieurs aux arabes. Ils n'ont pas été les initiateurs mais les successeurs de la conquête d'Ifriqiya. Alors… devrait-on nommer conquêtes arabes, omeyade ou musulmanes ? La dénomination, délicate, induit une généralisation sournoise et ambiguë. Le dilemme classique de l'Histoire n'est ni totalement juste, ni totalement faux mais suffisamment simpliste pour prêter à manipulation abusive. La généralisation englobe le service d'une cause. Parfois, une argumentation d'autorité qui flatte un idéalisme social ou une idéologisme d'Etat contemporain, en dehors du contexte des faits. Citer « les arabes », les musulmans, les chrétien, les juifs… est une manière de s'approprier qq chose, ou de s'identifier à une cause en dehors de son contexte. C'est la raison pour laquelle l'Histoire est autant passionnante que dangereuse. Pour ma part, le plus judicieux, serait « d'associer la période de conquête au pouvoir en place », du souverain arabe de Koreich, du calife de Damas, ou de la dynastie des omeyades, et même des sofiénides ou marwanides. QUESTION 1.3 : Quelles sont les raisons de la conquête ?

The demographic transition that swept the world in the past 140 years has been identified as one of the prime forces in the transition from stagnation to growth. The unprecedented increase in population growth during the early stages of industrialization was ultimately reversed. The rise in the demand for human capital in the second phase of industrialization brought about a significant reduction in fertility rates and population growth in various regions of the world, enabling economies to convert a larger share of the fruits of factor accumulation and technological progress into growth of income per capita.

This research explores the effects of within-group heterogeneity on group-level productivity. It establishes that observed genetic diversity of 230 worldwide ethnic groups, as well as predicted genetic diversity of 1,331 ethnic groups across the globe, has a hump-shaped effect on economic prosperity, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. Moreover, the study demonstrates that variations in withinethnic-group genetic diversity across ethnic groups contribute to ethnic and thus regional variation in economic development within a country.

The Filyos Valley Project (FVP), located in the Western Black Sea region, has profoundly impacted the area, especially in economic and social areas. Based on interviews with 20 residents, the study finds that while the project has contributed to increased female employment, it has also led to widespread flexible and insecure working conditions. Moreover, housing shortages driven by rising demand have become a critical issue. Notably, the exclusion of local communities from decision-making processes has heightened concerns about governance and equity. These findings highlight the importance of adopting a holistic and participatory approach to ensure sustainable development.

The specific initiatives which led to the development of the Agrarian South Network and its intellectual engagements commenced at the turn of the century by the initiative of Sam Moyo. At this time, anti-imperialist struggles were once again on the rise to confront neoliberal hegemony after two decades of structural adjustment policies and only a few years after the demise of the Soviet Union. Rural and urban movements were emerging in national and international arenas in various forms and with diverse ideological orientations, but converging around demands for sovereignty over natural resources, agricultural land, and public goods. This was the time of the Zapatista Uprising, the People's War in Nepal, the Bolivarian Revolution, Zimbabwe's land reform, and the World Social Forum, as well as China's Going Out Policy and the coming together of the BRICS, among other formations. The historical conjuncture was, therefore, one of escalation of contradictions requiring systematic attention. Sam Moyo was as at the forefront of initiatives in tricontinental research as Vice President of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). The most consequential of these initiatives originated in Africa, driven by organizations such as CODESRIA and the Third World Forum led by Samir Amin, both This phase also saw the expansion of the editorial board of the journal with the participation of Lyn Ossome and Archana Prasad, as well as the expansion of the editorial board of the Research Bulletin. The Bulletin, in particular, which in its first three years was headed by Lyn Ossome and included Damián Lobos, Freedom Mazwi, and Manish Kumar, was restructured to function as a collective and expanded to include Abeer Abazeed, Luccas Gissoni, Max Ajl, and Sarah Raymundo in its editorial board, plus a larger team of associate editors drawn mainly from the annual Study Groups. Struggles of Working People Today positioning of the gender question has also enabled the asking of larger questions about the particularities of the social reproduction crisis in peripheral social formations and the specificity of the circuit of capital itself, in terms of the expansion of non-waged labour and systematic forms of super-exploitation. With these brief remarks on the trajectory and contributions of the Agrarian South Network, we invite our readers to engage with the critique of political economy for which we have fought for over the last two decades.

Abu Road area in Sirohi district of Rajasthan is situated in 24.4641° N, 72.7718° E and consists of 87 villages of which 24 villages are tribal dominated and notified as Schedueled tribe area vide order, 1981 (C.O.,114) dated 12.02.1981, Ministry of tribal affairs, Government of India. The main tribes of the region are Garasia but small population of BhilsGameti are also found. These tribes are very backward and hence, the block is considered as most backward block in Sirohi district. The etymological origin of Garasia is believed to be from the Sanskrit word gras, i.e. substance. According to oral history the Chauhan Rajputs of Jalore when defeated at the hands of Ala-ud-Din Khilji (1368 AD) fled to the Bhil infested hilly terrain. They overpowered the local Bhils and to pacify them also parted with some subsistence in their favour. These Bhil-gras holders came to be known as Garasia and formed an endogamous community. It is also suggested that they are descendent of a Bhil girl an...

The study examined the impact of government social spending on poverty reduction in Nigeria for the period 1981-2020 with time series data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Poverty (household consumption expenditure) was specified as a function of social capital Spending, social recurrent Spending, Inflation rate, and Unemployment. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test shows that all the time series data were stationary at first difference (I(1)). The result of the Johansen cointegration proves evidence of long run relationship among the variables. The result of the Fully Modified OLS indicates that: government capital spending on social goods and services has significant impact on poverty reduction in Nigeria; government recurrent spending on social goods and services has significant impact on poverty reduction in Nigeria. The Granger causality result shows that there is a uni-directional causality relationship running from government capital spen...

Over the past few decades, while trade has contributed significantly to economic growth in various economies including India, openness has also exposed them to vagaries of external shocks. While recent global financial crisis (GFC) essentially originated in advanced economies, it got transmitted to emerging market economies through three main channels viz., financial, trade, and confidence channel. Relatively, while financial channel

This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members. WTO membership is a great opportunity for Kazakhstan to improve its economic and business environment and gain more political strength and power over other countries in the international arena.

We use methods developed by the Commitment to Equity and data from the 2011/12 Household Budget Survey to assess the effects of government taxation, social spending, and indirect subsidies on poverty and inequality in Tanzania. We also simulate several policy reforms to assess their distributional consequences. We find that Tanzania redistributes more than expected given its relatively low income and inequality, largely because both direct and indirect taxes are more progressive than in other countries. Tanzania's nascent conditional cash transfer program has an excellent targeting mechanism. If the program were expanded to a size that is typical for lower-middle income countries, it could reduce poverty significantly. On the other hand, electricity subsidies are regressive despite attempts to make them more pro-poor with a lifeline tariff.

Despite the widely recognised benefits of migration, there is currently a multiplicity of administrative challenges as well as high levels of poverty which limit the number of potential voluntary legal migrants in Africa. Against this background, the paper assesses the Southern African Development Community's (SADC) migration governance regime and discusses how member states can enhance the development prospects of their respective countries if they work towards the reduction and elimination of restrictions to movement of their populations within the framework the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Qualitative methods are used in data collection and analysis. The paper relies on secondary sources of data such as published book chapters, journal articles and occasional reports. The data is analysed thematically. The findings reveal that despite the existence of AfCFTA, SADC and its member states have not utilised this initiative to encourage the free movement of goods and people and ultimately promote sustainable development in the region. The major regional economies such as South Africa, Botswana and Namibia are reluctant to promote free movement of people and goods in Africa and SADC. Despite having genuine concerns about migration, it is recommended that major regional economies should put regional interests ahead of national interests if the free movement of goods and people and sustainable development is to be achieved at both the continental and regional level.

The concept and practice of social protection in developing countries has advanced at an astonishing pace over the last decade or so. There is a growing consensus around the view that social protection constitutes an effective response to poverty and vulnerability in developing countries, and an essential component of economic and social development strategies. This paper argues that the rise of social protection constitutes a response to global factors, but with considerable regional diversity. The paper examines the factors determining the future course of social protection and identifies urgent research needs.

Through the principle of country ownership including broad-based participation, Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRS) introduced by the World Bank and the IMF as a new condition for aid at the turn of the century have a non-negligible potential to promote democratization in developing countries. In this paper, we highlight how this potential could be made use of. At the same time, we develop a simple model which shows that, from a rational choice perspective, we cannot currently expect this potential to be explored, except for highly exceptional conditions of international public attention and transparency. Case study evidence for Malawi and Uganda is consistent with this hypothesis.

This paper analyzes the large racial differences in progress through secondary school in South Africa. Using recently collected longitudinal data we find that grade advancement is strongly associated with scores on a baseline literacy and numeracy test. In grades 8-11 the effect of these scores on grade progression is much stronger for white and coloured students than for African students, while there is no racial difference in the impact of the scores on passing the nationally standardized grade 12 matriculation exam. We develop a stochastic model of grade repetition that generates predictions consistent with these results. The model predicts that a larger stochastic component in the link between learning and measured performance will generate higher enrollment, higher failure rates, and a weaker link between ability and grade progression. The results suggest that grade progression in African schools is poorly linked to actual ability and learning. The results point to the importance of considering the stochastic component of grade repetition in analyzing school systems with high failure rates.

The paper analyses the effectiveness of law enforcement by regulatory agencies in Hungary. Empirical data were collected from such diverse fields as consumer rights protection, construction, road safety, labor regulation, etc. The data were analyzed using a simplified rational choice model, looking for evidence of whether administrative practices were effective in preventing rational actors from breaking the law. The analysis robustly proves the ineffectiveness of regulatory activity, as the breaking of laws may yield, in a conservative estimate, 10 to 100,000 times more income than the expected monetary value of the fine. In brief, the government of Hungary is generally unable to enforce its own laws. Though the paper makes use of data solely from Hungary, it aims to provide a methodology for measuring regulatory capacity more generally.

Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) played an important role in cushioning the downturn in cross border trade to emerging market economies during the economic and financial crisis that started in the fall 2008. In addition to facilitating trade during times of crisis, ECAs can also help companies in emerging countries access long term funding and at lower interest rate than they could access locally. This can also help companies modernize their processing lines, especially those engaged in capital intensive activities, and enable economies in transition increase the value added of their industries. This article discusses the role of ECAs in facilitating cross border trade to emerging markets as well as the economic rationale for the existence of such agencies. It also demonstrates how selected risk mitigation instruments of ECAs, namely: (i) buyer credit guarantee, (ii) supplier credit guarantees and (iii) export loans have been applied in practice to facilitate investment and innovations in the food sector. Finally cases are presented that highlight how companies have used the service of ECAs, for example, to obtain better terms, including longer term loans and/or lower interest rates.

Zusammenfassung 1 Einleitung: Aufgabe dieser Expertise Europäisierungs-Prozesse als Herausforderung 8 Arbeitspapier 167 • Rahmenbedingungen der Weiterentwicklung des Dualen Systems beruflicher Bildung Januar 2009 Lernverläufen auseinandersetzt. Ansatzpunkte und Überlegungen aus beiden Expertisen wurden wiederholt gemeinsam diskutiert. Viele der Argumente und Hinweise unserer Expertise beziehen sich direkt oder indirekt auf die Frage nach dem Zukunfts-Potenzial des berufspraktisch fundierten oder auch beruflich-betrieblichen Bildungstyps, der gewöhnlich mit dem "Dualen System" in Verbindung gebracht wird, der dem Betrieb als Lernort zentrale Aufgaben der Beruflichen und persönlichen Entwicklung zuweist und auf Facharbeiter und Facharbeiterinnen bzw. Fach-Dienstleister und Fachdienstleisterinnen-Niveau angesiedelt ist. Expertise: Weiterentwicklung des dualen Systems Bildungstyp & Berufsbildungssystem Bildungstyp = vereinigt regelmäßig ein bestimmtes Bündel an Kompetenzen in einer bestimmten Qualität = ist Produkt von (Teil-) Bildungssystem = stellt gesellschaftlich diesen Typ her Betrieblich-beruflicher Bildungstyp = bestimmt durch gesellschaftliche Erwartungen & Anforderungen an ein bestimmtes Kompetenzbündel in einer bestimmten Qualität Duales Berufsbildungs-System = Leistungsfähigkeit misst sich an der Herstellung des Bildungstyps entsprechend der gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen & Anforderungen Bildungstyp und Berufsbildungs-System nicht identisch, sondern im Verhältnis von Produkt und Produzent Verortung: Bildungstyp -mittleres Niveau von Fachtätigkeiten & Studierfähigkeit & Fähigkeit zu LLL Verortung: Berufsbildungs-System -Erstausbildung parallel zu Sek 2 Dieser Bildungstyp ist in Deutschland nach wie vor sehr bedeutend und koexistiert mit einem akademisch orientierten Bildungstyp, ohne dass eine wechselseitige Durchlässigkeit in wünschenswerter Weise gewährleistet ist. Dieser berufspraktisch basierte Bildungs-Typ ist tief in die spezifischen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Traditionen Deutschlands eingelassen und gehörte über lange Perioden geradezu zu den zentralen Erklärungs-Mustern der spezifischen deutschen Wirtschaftskraft. Im europäischen Kontext befindet sich dieser berufliche Bildungs-Typ mit wenigen anderen Ländern (wie z.B. Österreich, die Schweiz, aber auch Dänemark) in der Minderheit gegenüber anderen, meist mehr schulisch -akademisch geprägten beruflichen Bildungstypen. In vielen europäischen Ländern haben zwar der Lernort Betrieb und eine gewisse "Dualisierung" an Bedeutung gewonnen, ohne dass damit eine im "Dualen System" in Deutschland vergleichbare Etablierung eines eigenständigen, betriebsbasierten und arbeitsmarktnahen Bildungs-Systems verbunden gewesen wäre.

Background: COVID-19 continues to wreak havoc in different countries across the world, claiming thousands of lives, increasing morbidity and disrupting lifestyles. The global scientific community is in urgent need of relevant evidence, to understand the challenges and knowledge gaps, as well as the opportunities to contain the spread of the virus. Considering the unique socio-economic, demographic, political, ecological and climatic contexts in Africa, the responses which may prove to be successful in other regions may not be appropriate on the continent. This paper aims to provide insight for scientists, policy makers and international agencies to contain the virus and to mitigate its impact at all levels. Methods: The Affiliates of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS), came together to synthesize the current evidence, identify the challenges and opportunities to enhance the understanding of the disease. We assess the potential impact of this pandemic and the unique challenges of ...

Human trafficking is an extreme human rights violation that impacts all populations across the globe and is characterized by force, fraud, and coercion intended for exploitation Research indicates that trafficked persons are typically poor, have few job prospects, limited access to education and may come from rural areas, depending on the country of origin. Although existing research easily identifies the vital role of economics in human trafficking, it has failed to probe the complex relationship between poverty, discrimination, and other socio-cultural factors such as minority status. It is against this backdrop that this paper intends to evaluate the relationship between human trafficking and poverty in Nigeria.

The Sustainable Millennium Goals SDGs which are 17 goals that the United Nation in collaboration with 187 world leaders agreed to work together to achieve the sets goals from 20115 to 2030. The SDGs which is an extension of the MDGs, stem from the failure of the MDGs which were to be achieved in 2015 but could not be achieved. This study examined the SDGs from a wider perspective. The study adopted conceptual approach as such, the data for the study is mainly from secondary source and the analysis is analytical. This paper argues that for the SDGs to achieve the set goals there has to be concerted effort from both the UN and the world leaders in terms commitment and mobilization of resources.

The study analyzed the impact of urban planning on reducing household poverty in Uganda. It found that both negative and positive factors significantly influence household poverty. The study also identified five key factors that contribute to household poverty: social services, research and development, employment, and investment. The findings suggest that urban planners should align their policies with government policies when allocating resources to reduce poverty caused by unplanned urbanization. The study recommends that urban planners work to improve the quality of life for households in Uganda. Keywords: Household poverty, urban population growth, urban planning, Urban Sprawl, Government intervention