Cognitive Psychology

Previous experience affects our behavior in terms of adjustments. It has been suggested that the conflict monitor-controller system implemented in the prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in such adjustments. Previous studies suggested that there exists multiple conflict monitor-controller systems associated with the level of information (i.e., stimulus and response levels). In this study, we sought to test whether different types of conflicts occur at the same information processing level (i.e., response level) are independently processed. For this purpose, we designed a task paradigm to measure two different types of response conflicts using color-based and location-based conflict stimuli and measured the conflict adaptation effects associated with the two types of conflicts either independently (i.e., single conflict conditions) or simultaneously (i.e., a double-conflict condition). The behavioral results demonstrated that performance on current incongruent trials was faster only when the preceding trial was the same type of response conflict regardless of whether they included a single-or double-conflict. Imaging data also showed that anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices operate in a task-specific manner. These findings suggest that there may be multiple monitor-controller loops for color-based and locationbased conflicts even at the same response level. Importantly, our results suggest that double-conflict processing is qualitatively different from single-conflict processing although double-conflict shares the same sources of conflict with two single-conflict conditions.

When two eyes view dissimilar images, an observer typically reports ambiguous perception called binocular rivalry where the subjective perception fluctuates between the two inputs. This perceptual instability is often comprised of exclusive dominance of each image and a transition state called piecemeal state where the two images are intermingled in patchwork manner. Herein, we investigated the effects of multimodal association of sensory congruent pair, arbitrary pair, and reverse pair on piecemeal state in order to see how each level of association affects the ambiguous perception during binocular rivalry. To induce the multisensory associations, we designed a matching task with audiovisual feedback where subjects were required to respond according to given pairing rules. We found that explicit audiovisual associations can substantially affect the piecemeal state during binocular rivalry and that this congruency effect that reduces the amount of visual ambiguity originates primari...

Facing an aging population with an increasing prevalence of dementia, the challenge lies in improving cognitive assessment and screening. Numerous paper tests are used daily as Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) or Montréal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Several assessments in virtual environments were developed to enhance ecology and appeared to be as efficient as classical tests. Using the Oculus Quest® device, a novel immersive environment was created and composed of thirteen cognitive tasks. Each scene was conceived using the navigation, selection, and manipulation 3D interaction tasks. This new environment browses several cognitive functions easily despite some technical limits.

This work focuses on 3D interaction assistance by adding adaptivity depending on the tasks, the objectives, and the general interaction context. The context is modelled with Conceptual Graphs (CG) based on an ontology. Including CG in our scene manager (Virtools) allows us to add semantic information and to describe the available tools. Adaptation result from rules handled with a logic programming layer (Prolog+CG) included in the Amine platform. This project is a step towards Intelligent Virtual Environments, which proposes a hybrid solution by adding a separate semantic reasoning to classic environments. The first experiment automatically manages few modalities depending on the distance to objects, user movement, available tools and modalities.

Çal›flmam›zda laringoskopi ve trakeal entübasyona karfl› geliflen hemodinamik cevab› azaltmak ve entübasyon koflullar›n› de¤erlendirmek amac›yla sufentanil, lidokain ve magnezyum sülfat›n etkilerini karfl›laflt›rmay› amaçlad›k. Elektif cerrahi geçirecek, 20-50 yafl aras›, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II olan 90 hasta rasgele 3 gruba ayr›ld›. Laringoskopiden 3 dk önce, Grup I'dekilere 0.5 µg/kg sufentanil, Grup II'dekilere 1 mg/kg lidokain, Grup III'dekilere 50 mg/kg magnezyum sülfat uyguland›. Anestezi indüksiyonu 2 mg/kg propofol ve 0.1mg/kg vekuronyum ile sa¤land›. Entübasyondan 1 dk sonra anestezi idamesi %50 O2+%50 N2O+%1 sevofluranla sürdürüldü. Sistolik arter bas›nc› (SAB), diyastolik arter bas›nc› (DAB), ortalama arter bas›nc› (OAB), kalp at›m h›z› (KAH) de¤erleri ilaç verilmeden önce (indüksiyon öncesi=‹Ö), ilaç verildikten sonra (indüksiyon sonras›=‹S), entübasyon öncesi (EÖ), entübasyon sonras› 1. ve 5. (ES 1. ve ES 5.) dk'larda kaydedildi....

"Kapag ang lalaking kambing ay umiinom ng umiikot na tubig ni Neda, iniwan ko ang Messene; dumating ang pagkawasak." Delphic Oracle - Pagkatapos ng labanan kung saan nabili ang mga Arcadian, nagpunta ang Messenian sa Delphi upang kumuha ng orakulo. Ang Pythian priestess ay nagpropesiya:
Sa gitna ng isang wayu kasama ang Sparta, ang mga Messenians, siyempre, ay natakot na baka may lalapit na kambing sa Neda. May isang ligaw na puno ng igos na pinangalanang olynthe, na tinatawag ng mga Messenian na “lalaking kambing.” Ang propetang Messenian, si Theokles, ay nakatuklas sa kanyang kakila-kilabot na isang ligaw na puno ng igos na tumubo sa ibabaw ng ilog Neda at ang mga dahon ay dumampi sa tubig, at napagtanto ang kahulugan nito. Ipinaalam ni Theokles kay Aristomenes na isapuso ito. Bagama't naniniwala siyang malapit na ang wakas, itinago ito ni Aristomenes at Theokles mula sa mga Messenians.
Ngayon, ayon sa alamat, mayroong isang pastol ng Laconian na umibig sa isang babaeng Messenian sa Eira. Sa tuwing nagbabantay ang kanyang asawa, pumupuslit ito sa bahay para makipag-sex sa kanya. Sa gabi ng isang kakila-kilabot na bagyo na may malakas na ulan, at habang si Aristomenes ay nakahiga sa isang sugat, ang mga bantay ay nagpasya na humingi ng kanlungan mula sa bagyo. Ang pastol, na napagtanto na si Eira ay pansamantalang walang pagtatanggol, siya ay tumakas at pumunta sa heneral ng Laconian na agad na naglunsad ng isang pag-atake at nakakuha ng pagpasok sa bayan. Matindi ang labanan. Ginawa ng mga Laconian ang diskarte ng pagsuray-suray sa mga tungkulin ng mga lalaki upang habang ang isang grupo ay natutulog, ang isa ay lumaban, at kabaliktaran. Nang mapagod ang mga Messenian, nagpasya si Aristomenes na pangunahan ang mga babae at bata palabas, at pinahintulutan iyon ng mga Laconian. Iyon ay kung paano nakilala ng mga Messenian ang wakas pagkatapos ng labing-isang taon ng patuloy na pakikidigma.
Ang bottomline ay ang mga Messenians ay natalo ng mga Spartan. Sa huli - ang orakulo at propesiya ay naging mahalagang bahagi ng kamalayang panlipunan. Ipinakita ng sikolohiya ng pagsasalaysay na ang mga salaysay ay mahalaga sa mga pananaw ng mga tao - at mga pananaw sa mundo. Kaya, ang hula sa sinaunang mundo ay may mahalagang papel sa pagtatalaga ng isang salaysay - isang kuwento na humubog din sa hinaharap pati na rin sa kasalukuyang pag-iisip.

Author(s): Ricker, Ashley Ann | Advisor(s): Richert, Rebekah A | Abstract: This dissertation evaluates the influence of exposure to interactive media and tablet-based gaming on metacognition and episodic memory development during middle childhood. Despite a growing body of literature demonstrating the impacts of exposure to interactive media on various aspects of cognitive development, the effects on episodic memory have been largely unexplored. This dissertation addresses this dearth by presenting a conceptual model that describes metacognition as mediating the effects of interactive media on episodic memory in middle childhood. This model allows for the production of multiple testable hypotheses and guides the four overarching research questions addressed in the dissertation. These research questions were investigated using multiple data sets, an experimental intervention, and a variety of statistical approaches across three manuscripts presented as chapters. Findings suggest that...

An unresolved issue in the task-switching literature is whether preparatory reconfiguration occurs before a change of task. In this study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) to determine whether preparatory reconfiguration occurs during two different task-switching procedures: voluntary and cued task switching. We focused on two ERP components that index different cognitive operations. The contingent negative variation (CNV) is a sensitive measure of a participant's preparedness to use a specific stimulus-response mapping. In contrast, the P3 indexes memory updating. We found a pronounced modulation of the CNV before voluntary task switches, but not before cued task switches. Instead, cued task switches were preceded by a larger P3, as compared with task repetitions. Our findings suggest that task set reconfiguration is carried out prior to voluntary task switches, whereas memory processes dominate cued task switches.

In the partial-report task, subjects are asked to report only a portion of the items presented. Selective attention chooses which objects to represent in short-term memory (STM) on the basis of their relevance. Because STM is limited in capacity, one must sometimes choose which objects are removed from memory in light of new relevant information. We tested the hypothesis that the choices among newly presented information and old information in STM involve the same process-that both are acts of selective attention. We tested this hypothesis using a two-display partial-report procedure. In this procedure, subjects had to select and retain relevant letters (targets) from two sequentially presented displays. If selection in perception and retention in STM are the same process, then irrelevant letters (distractors) in the second display, which demanded attention because of their similarity to the targets, should have decreased target report from the first display. This effect was not obtained in any of four experiments. Thus, choosing objects to keep in STM is not the same process as choosing new objects to bring into STM.

In three experiments, subjects reported the identity of a word (ABOVE or BELOW) that appeared above or below a fixation point. On some trials, a cue presented 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 msec before the word indicated the relation between position and identity (i.e., whether the dimensions were compatible, e.g., ABOVE/above and BELOW/below, or conflicted, e.g., ABOVE/below and BELOW/ above). On the other trials, the cue was withheld (Experiment 2) or it bore no information about the relation between dimensions (Experiments 1 and 3). In each experiment, the cue reduced reaction time below the level of no-cue or neutral-cue controls, indicating strategic use of the relation between dimensions. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the number of potential cues that could occur in a block. A stronger cuing effect was found when one cue could occur (Experiment 2) than when two cues could occur (Experiment 1). Experiment 3 manipulated practice; it revealed that with practice the cuing effect reached asymptote at shorter delays. The asymptote itself did not change. Experiment 4 showed that cue-delay effects were independent of warning interval (warning interval and cue delay were confounded in Experiments 1, 2, and 3). The experiments demonstrate construction and utilization of strategies; they show that construction is sensitive to constraints imposed by the subject's goals and abilities and by the structure of the task environment. This article reports an investigation of goals in some task environment. The strategy strategies for performing a speeded discrim-chosen is probably a compromise between ination task. It is based on the premise that the constraints imposed by the informational nearly all cognitive tasks are performed as structures in the task environment, by the strategies, and that cognitive psychology can resources, capacities, abilities, or processes advance only by coming to understand what in the subject's cognitive repertoire, and by strategies are and how they are constructed the structure of the goals to be obtained by and utilized. In general, a strategy may be performing. This suggests that strategies defined as an optional organization of cog-may be investigated experimentally by manitive processes designed to achieve some nipulating the different constraints. This approach was adopted in the experiments re-" ported here. The *« kstudied re < red subjects fl , Gordon Logan from the Natural Sciences and Engi-report the identity of a briefly presented neering Research Council of Canada. Jane Zbrodoff was word (either ABOVE or BELOW). The primary supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Social Sci-goals, defined by the instructions, were to ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, re d as j u d accurately as possi . We are grateful to Kathy Constantmou and Ken 1.1^,,. ,. . , ,. . . r .. Davis for testing the subjects, and to Frank Restle, ble -This one-dimensional discrimination Margaret Jean Intons-Peterson, Jonathan Baron, Mar-task was Complicated by introducing variagaret Schadler, and Tom Carr for valuable comments tion in another dimension, the position the on the article. worc j OCCU pi e d on the screen: The word ap- i£K£^£^%£2^ p e r d abo -« be ' ow th , e fition p°i nt -

Stochastic accumulator models account for response time in perceptual decision-making tasks by assuming that perceptual evidence accumulates to a threshold. The present investigation mapped the firing rate of frontal eye field (FEF) visual neurons onto perceptual evidence and the firing rate of FEF movement neurons onto evidence accumulation to test alternative models of how evidence is combined in the accumulation process. The models were evaluated on their ability to predict both response time distributions and movement neuron activity observed in monkeys performing a visual search task. Models that assume gating of perceptual evidence to the accumulating units provide the best account of both behavioral and neural data. These results identify discrete stages of processing with anatomically distinct neural populations and rule out several alternative architectures. The results also illustrate the use of neurophysiological data as a model selection tool and establish a novel framework to bridge computational and neural levels of explanation. perceptual decision making; stochastic accumulator models; mental chronometry; frontal eye field Mathematical psychology has converged on a general framework to explain the time course of perceptual decisions. Models that assume perceptual information accumulates to a response threshold provide excellent accounts of decision-making behavior (Bogacz, Brown, Moehlis,

Researchers and clinicians are interested in estimating individual differences in the ability to process conflicting information. Conflict processing is typically assessed by comparing behavioral measures like RTs or error rates from conflict tasks. However, these measures are hard to interpret because they can be influenced by additional processes like response caution or bias. This limitation can be circumvented by employing cognitive models to decompose behavioral data into components of underlying decision processes, providing better specificity for investigating individual differences. A new class of drift-diffusion models has been developed for conflict tasks, presenting a potential tool to improve analysis of individual differences in conflict processing. However, measures from these models have not been validated for use in experiments with limited data collection. The present study assessed the validity of these models with a parameterrecovery study to determine whether and under what circumstances the models provide valid measures of cognitive processing. Three models were tested: the dual-stage two-phase model (

An instance theory of attention and memory (ITAM) is presented that integrates formal theories of attention and memory phenomena by exploiting commonalities in their formal structure. The core idea in each theory is that performance depends on a choice process that can be modeled as a race between competing alternatives. Attention and categorization are viewed as different perspectives on the same race. Attention selects objects by categorizing them; objects are categorized by attending to them. ITAM incorporates each of its ancestors as a special case, so it inherits their successes. Imagine yourself on your way home from work. You walk into the parking lot and look for your car. It takes you a second, perhaps. Now imagine your colleagues analyzing the simple act of cognition underlying that look. A student of attention would be interested in how your gaze went to the cars rather than other structural features. A student of categorization would be interested in how you knew those were cars in the parking lot. And a student of memory would be interested in how you did (or did not) pick your own car out of the group. These differences in perspective reflect the divide-and-conquer approach to understanding cognition that has been prevalent among researchers for the last 20 or 30 years. Different researchers focus on the details of different parts of cognition, hoping that their work will interface with the rest. Attention may begin with perception and end when a target is found. Categorization may begin when a target is found and end with a concept. Memory may begin with a concept and end with a recollection or a feeling of familiarity. This article takes a different approach, trying to integrate theories developed under the divide-and-conquer strategy. It views the simple act of cognition as a single phenomenon and interprets attention, categorization, and memory as different perspectives on the same simple act. To attend is to categorize; to categorize is to remember; to remember is to attend. This idea is expressed in a formal theory that combines existing theories of attention, categorization, and memory that have similar formal structures. I show how the theory derives from its ancestors and I show how the ancestors can be viewed as special cases of the theory.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Math learning difficulties (MD) correspond to math achievement below the 25th percentile and are cognitively heterogeneous. It is not known precisely how cognitive mechanisms underlie distinct subtypes of MD. A bottom-up, cluster-analytic strategy, based on visuoconstructional, visuospatial and phonological working memory, and non-symbolic and symbolic magnitude processing accuracy, was used to form subgroups of children from 3rd to 5th grades according to their math achievement. All children had nonverbal intelligence above the 20th percentile and presented a broad spectrum of variation in math ability. External validity of subgroups was examined considering intelligence and math achievement. Groups did not differ in age. Two groups with a high incidence of MD were associated, respectively, with low visuospatial/visuoconstructional and low magnitude processing accuracy. One group with average cognitive performance also presented above average intelligence and a small incidence of MD. A fourth group with high cognitive performance presented high math performance and high intelligence. Phonological working memory was associated with high but not with low math achievement. MD may be related to complex patterns of associations and dissociations between intelligence and specific cognitive abilities in distinct subgroups. Consistency and stability of these subgroups must be further characterized. However, a bottom-up classification strategy contributes to reducing the cognitive complexity of MD.

Math learning difficulties (MD) correspond to math achievement below the 25th percentile and are cognitively heterogeneous. It is not known precisely how cognitive mechanisms underlie distinct subtypes of MD. A bottom-up, cluster-analytic strategy, based on visuoconstructional, visuospatial and phonological working memory, and non-symbolic and symbolic magnitude processing accuracy, was used to form subgroups of children from 3rd to 5th grades according to their math achievement. All children had nonverbal intelligence above the 20th percentile and presented a broad spectrum of variation in math ability. External validity of subgroups was examined considering intelligence and math achievement. Groups did not differ in age. Two groups with a high incidence of MD were associated, respectively, with low visuospatial/visuoconstructional and low magnitude processing accuracy. One group with average cognitive performance also presented above average intelligence and a small incidence of M...

This commentary aims to demonstrate that Howard's (2018) studies are a neither a "close" nor a "conceptual" replications of Bem's test of retroactive influence (RI) as far as it concerns task 1 and that all tasks in the three studies can be classified as "very far conceptual replication" of a general class of phenomena classified as forced-choice precognition (conscious cognitive awareness) of a future event that could not otherwise be anticipated through any known inferential or perceptual process. As to the results related to the convergent validity (correlation) between the tasks used to test the RI, we posit that without a measure of intra-task reliability any measure of inter-task reliability is uninterpretable.

The focus of this paper is to analyze whether the unreliability of results related to certain controversial psychological phenomena may be a consequence of their low statistical power. Applying the Null Hypothesis StatisticalTesting (NHST), still the widest used statistical approach, unreliability derives from the failure to refute the null hypothesis, in particular when exact or quasi-exact replications of experiments are carried out. Taking as example the results of meta-analyses related to four different controversial phenomena, subliminal semantic priming, incubation effect for problem solving, unconscious thought theory, and non-local perception, it was found that, except for semantic priming on categorization, the statistical power to detect the expected effect size (ES) of the typical study, is low or very low. The low power in most studies undermines the use of NHST to study phenomena with moderate or low ESs. We conclude by providing some suggestions on how to increase the statistical power or use different statistical approaches to help discriminate whether the results obtained may or may not be used to support or to refute the reality of a phenomenon with small ES.

The international multi-labs, Transparent Psi Project by Kekecs et al. (2022), did not confirm the results of one of the most known Bem’s experiments.In Bem’s experiment, unselected participants were able to predict correctly 53.1% of the time, the location of erotic images shown randomly beyond a left or a right curtain presented on a pc screen.The null evidence observed in the Transparent Psi Project, 49.89% of correct predictions, confirms that extra-sensory perception cannot or is extremely difficult to be detected, carrying out experiments with unselected participants performing tasks in an ordinary wake state of consciousness.Researchers of extra-sensory perception are advised to recruit skilled participants and request them to perform tasks in a modified state of consciousness as in ganzfeld field, dream, meditation, etc.

The term "retroactive avoidance" refers to a special class of effects of future stimulus presentations on past behavioral responses. Specifically, it refers to the anticipatory avoidance of aversive stimuli that were unpredictable through random selection after the response. This phenomenon is supposed to challenge the common view of the arrow of time and the direction of causality. Preliminary evidence of "retroactive avoidance" has been published in mainstream psychological journals and started a heated debate about the robustness and the true existence of this effect. A series of seven experiments published in 2014 in the Journal of Consciousness Studies tested the influence of randomly drawn future negative picture presentations on avoidance responses based on key presses preceding them. The final study in that series used a sophisticated quantum-based random stimulus selection procedure and implemented the most severe test of retroactive avoidance within this series. Evidence for the effect, though significant, was meager and anecdotal, Bayes factor (BF 10 ) = 2. The research presented here represents an attempt to exactly replicate the original effect with a high-power (N = 2004) preregistered multi-lab study. The results indicate that the data favored the null effect (i.e., absence of retroactive avoidance) with a BF 01 = 4.38. Given the empirical strengths of the study, namely its preregistration, multi-lab approach, high power, and Bayesian analysis used, this failed replication questions the validity and robustness of the original findings. Not reaching a decisive level of Bayesian evidence and not including skeptical researchers may be considered limitations of this study. Exploratory analyses of the change in evidence for the effect across time, performed on a post-hoc basis, revealed several potentially interesting anomalies in the data that might guide future research in this area.

We develop a general method to solve models of interactions between multiple and possibly strategic agents. Our model explains apparently irrational or biased behaviors in a person. We argue that these actions could result from several rational structures having different goals. Our main example is a model of three agents, "conscious", "unconscious", and "body". Our main result states that, for an agent whose unconscious and conscious goals differ, the unconscious may influence the conscious, either directly or indirectly, via a third agent, the body. This three-agent model describes behaviors such as craving, excessive smoking, or sleepiness, to delay or dismiss a task. One of the main result shows that the unconscious' strategic action crucially depends on whether the conscious' actions are complementary in time. When complementary, and if the conscious is not sensitive to unconscious' messages, the unconscious may drive the conscious towards its goals by blurring physical needs. When not complementary, the unconscious may more easily reach his goal by influencing the conscious, be it directly or indirectly.

Since Internet has become a more important and more certain source of information the user require greater and more demands than ever before on the layout and function of different web pages. When search engines gives us the opportunity to millions of hits in just a fraction of a second it's essential to optimize the structure and architecture, which forms the foundations of all the content. In a time when a company's digital footprint plays an important role for the costumer and the transmitter it's of utmost importance to have a steady, well-structured foundation to build new platforms of information on. But how do you manage to build a good foundation? Some of the most important key elements in Information architecture are Organizing, Navigation, Search and Labeling. The aim of this study was to create guidelines for a user-friendlier interface, by analyzing the principals and gathered data. The evaluation method for the gathering of data was interviews and usability testing. The interviews was performed on some of the employees of Ostnor AB and documented by audio recording. The usability testing was performed on four users, unfamiliar to the information and storage bank system of the case, and where documented by eye tracking. The guidelines, which were developed, showed that the company have to focus on one platform, consistency on the websites and a implementation of a search system. The result of the study shows that there should be one shared platform managing all the without having to navigate through multiple sites. The results also shows the importance of consistent design of reoccuring elements within the platforms to increase the user recognition on the site. It is also evident that a search system should be implemented to increase

Reading fluency has attracted the attention of reading researchers and educators since the early 1970s and has become a priority issue in English as a first language (L1) settings. It has also become a critical issue in English as a second or foreign language (L2) settings because the lack of fluency is considered a major obstacle to developing independent readers with good comprehension skills. Repeated Reading (RR) was originally devised by in order to translate Automaticity Theory into a pedagogical approach for developing English L1 readers' fluency. Extensive research has been conducted to show the positive effects of RR in English L1 settings. A growing number of L2 reading researchers have demonstrated that RR may be a promising approach for building fluency and comprehension in L2 settings. However, while L1 research has demonstrated a robust correlation between improved reading fluency and enhanced comprehension, L2 fluency research has not yet shown such a strong correlation. In addition, most studies on reading fluency in L2 settings have used quantitative approaches and only a few of them have explored the "inside of L2 readers' brain," that is, what is actually happening while they engage in RR. The present study attempts to reveal the inner process of L2 reading fluency development through RR for an advanced-level L2 reader who is articulate in describing her metacognitive processes. Using a diary study approach comprising more than 70 RR sessions over the course of 14 weeks, the current study investigated an L2 reader with good comprehension skills

Робоча навчальна програма з дисципліни «Методика навчання дітей іноземної мови» є нормативним документом Київського університету імені Бориса Грінченка, який розроблено кафедрою іноземних мов і методик їх навчання на основі освітньо-професійної програми: напряму підготовки 6.010101 «Дошкільна освіта» відповідно до навчального плану для студентів Педагогічного інституту, денної форми навчання. Програму побудовано за темами відповідно до майбутнього фаху студентів.Syllabus of the course «Methodology of foreign language teaching to children» is a normative document of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, which was developed by the Foreign Languages and Methodology Department on the basis of the educational and professional programme: direction of students’ preparation 6.010101 «Preschool education» according to the curriculum for students of Pedagogical Institute. It is designed for students of day-time study. The syllabus is structured according to the students&#39; future specialty.Рабо...

The purpose of this study is to examine the physical effort required at professional football players (Italian Championship) in relation to the examination of a series of friendly matches at different times of the year, compared to their role, using the technology of GPS, for finalizing the training to improve the sport performance. The activities of players were monitored using GPS technology with a sampling rate of 10 Hz. The total distance covered, distances with different speed and accelerations were analyzed in relation to five different roles: (CD) central defenders, (FB) fullbacks , (M) midfielders, (AM) advanced midfielders and (A) attackers. Players activities were monitored using GPS technology with a sampling rate of 10 Hz. Total distance covered, distance at different speeds and accelerations were analyzed in relation in five different roles: (CD) central defenders, (FB) fullbacks , (M) midfielders, (AM) advanced midfielders and (A) attackers. The maximum covered distanc...

Background: African patients with heart failure (HF) are younger, have lower socio-economic and educational level as well as high prevalence of hypertension related aetiology. However, the prevalence and pattern of cognitive dysfunction among sub-Saharan African patients with HF have not been evaluated against this background. Objectives: To determining the one year prevalence and the factors contributing to cognitive dysfunction in a cohort of Nigerian patients with heart failure. Materials and methods: Cognitive performance was evaluated in 111 consecutive individuals (60 HF patients and 51 age, gender and level of education matched controls) using the community screening interview for dementia (CSI'D), Word List Recall (WLR),Boston Naming Test (BNT) and Modified Token Test(MTT). Other clinical and disease specific variables were collated and correlated with cognitive performance. Patients and IRB approval were obtained. Results: The mean total CSI'D,WLR,BNT and MTT scores were significantly lower among HF patients (p = b0.001). The prevalence of global cognitive dysfunction was 90.0% in HF and 5.9% among controls (OR 15.3,. Elevated systolic blood pressure, increased comorbidity index and wide pulse pressure were significantly associated with poorer performance on at least one neuropsychological battery. Using a multivariate linear regression analysis, pulse pressure retained its significance (p = 0.029, 95%CI = -0.117 to -0.007) as the most important predictor of cognitive dysfunction in the cohort of HF patients. Conclusion: Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent. Regular cognitive screening is advocated among this high risk group. Controlling comorbidities as well as blood pressure may improve cognitive performance among patients with HF.

Yapılan araştırmada ritim eğitimi ve dans dersinin cinsiyet değişkeni ve bölümleri açısından öğrenci tutumlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören 103'ü kadın, 190'ı erkek olmak üzere 293 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada Ayyıldız Durhan ve Gökyürek (2020) tarafından geliştirilen Ritim Eğitimi ve Dans Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenleri için bağımsız örneklemler t-testi; bölüm, yaş aralığı ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenlerine yönelik olarak ANOVA analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlara göre cinsiyet değişkeninde, kadın örnekleminin lehine ''Kazanım'' alt boyutunda gruplar arası anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (t=-3,862, p=0,0001). Aynı zamanda erkek ve kadın arasında ''Eğilim'' ve ''Antipati'' gibi diğer alt boyutlar için anlamlı fark saptanmıştır. Eldeki bulgular, cinsiyetler arasında kişilik özellikleri açısından farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin ritim eğitimi ve dans dersine yönelik tutumlarının bazı değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Bu anlamda oluşan cinsiyet ve bölümler arasındaki algı farklılığının giderilmesi anlamında dersin kazanımları hakkında daha detaylı bilinçlendirme sürecin gerekliliği yönünde görüşler sunulabilir. Beraberinde ritim eğitimi ve dans dersinin kapsamının genişletilerek, genel eğitimin bir parçası haline getirilmesi çok yönlü kazanım sağlayacağı söylenebilir.

Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration.The present study has tried to explore depression among female adolescents and also tried to explore the effectiveness of Self Management Therapy (SMT) in reducing depressive thoughts among female adolescents. It made use of purposive sampling in selecting 100 female adolescents. The sample responded to the valid and reliable instrument. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Construct by Beck, et al (1961) was used to measure Depression of the adolescents. The design which was used to conceptualize the study and analyze the data was pretest-posttest design. Results of the present study have revealed that SMT has significantly decreased the level of depression among female adolescents. Keywords:-SMT, Depression and Female Adolescents. "Depression" is more than just sadness. People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. (APA, 2015). Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness, and poor concentration. Depression can be longlasting or recurrent, substantially impairing an individual's ability to function at work or school or cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide. When mild, people can be treated without medicines but

The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, known as the theory of mind (ToM), has been widely researched over the past 40 years, along with its relation to language comprehension. However, a majority of the research on the relation between ToM and language used only verbal tasks assessing false belief understanding as a measure of ToM. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relation between language and ToM, using a larger battery of ToM measures, with different language demands. A total of 203 typically developing children between 46 and 68 months of age, with average nonverbal cognitive skills, were assessed using language comprehension and ToM tasks. The language aspect was assessed using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales (Language Comprehension scale A). To assess ToM, verbal and non-verbal tasks were taken from the ToM subtest of the NEPSY?II. Results indicated a significant correlation between language comprehension and verbal and non-verbal ToM ...

Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control-resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking "outside the box," seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.

В статті представлені результати дослідження трансформації поглядів на навчання математичних методів фізики у педагогічних університетах з позицій поліпарадигмальної методологічної системи координат, починаючи з середини 50-х років минулого століття. Результати дослідження представлені у вигляді відповідної періодизації еволюції дидактичних підходів від формально-логічного до компетентнісног

Human behavior training in improvisational theater has shown extensive behavioral and health benefits. Improved empathy measures in medical students, improved behavior outcome in patients with autism and a reduced recidivism rate are among the many benefits attributed to improvisational theater training. However, measuring tangible outcomes of changed behavior is challenging and usually requires multiple sessions or months of training. One of the principal tenets of improvisational theater is to actively listen and collaboratively allow a scene partner to talk and provide equal input as needed. Here we measured human speech epochs and asked if a month of weekly improvisational theater training would reflect in speech epoch assays. We found a significant decrease in speech epoch durations after one month of weekly training. There was no change in epoch durations on the same day, suggesting it to be a stable parameter over a day, but amenable to modulation over a month of training. The overall rhythm of speech epochs remained unchanged but durations of discrete low frequency speech volleys increased. Moreover, training improved regularity of adjacent speech epoch durations, suggesting a better sharing of speaking focus by matching speech time to the previous speech epoch duration. Our assay provides a proof-of-concept study of empathy-relevant tractable speech epoch parameters associated with changes in a month after human behavior training.

programında yer alan kazanımlarla uyumlu uygulamalar olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında okuryazarlık becerilerinin kazandırılmasında okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarından yararlanmaya yönelik hizmet öncesi eğitim ile öğretmen adaylarına, hizmet içi eğitim yoluyla da öğretmenlere destek sağlanması; okuryazarlık becerilerinin kazandırılmasına yönelik öğrenciler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen uygulamaları içeren çeşitli deneysel ya da kuramsal araştırmalar yapılması önerilmiştir.

Two experiments tested whether spreading activation or cue assimilation underlie incubation effects in problem solving. After initial attempts to solve remote associates tasks, participants performed lexical decision tasks that included solution words, and attempted the remote associates again, either immediately, after a delay with no interpolated task, or after a delay with filler tasks. Spreading activation of target lexical items was not influenced by incubation. However, the presence of solution words in interpolated lexical decision items gave rise to incubation effects with high cognitive-load incubation tasks. The results support a cue-assimilation process, in which unconscious processes access solution relevant information during incubation, but only if conscious task activity is suppressed. It is suggested that different mechanisms may occur during an incubation period to facilitate solution finding, depending on the nature of the impasse encountered during initial attempts.

An experimental study is reported of the retrieval by mock eyewitnesses of a scripted video crime event, comparing free recall against Change Temporal Order (CTO) recall, in which event retrieval is prompted in reverse order. Contrary to proponents of the technique who suggest that CTO allows greater discovery of script incidental information and increases the amount of information recalled, CTO was found to impair retrieval, leading to fewer script consistent events, reduced recall of correct information, increased confabulations, and lowered accuracy proportional to items retrieved. The disruptive effects of CTO are interpreted as providing further evidence for the role of temporal clustering highlighted in the CMR model of memory. Impairment induced by the CTO technique continued to influence retrieval negatively even during a secondary free recall phase. We suggest that CTO prevents the blocking of confabulations, and that these confabulations may subsequently contribute to forgetting by population dilution.

Current findings show that sleep facilitates problem solving through restructuring of the problem representation. Theories on insight suggest that such representational change occurs only if an individual has reached an impasse. Accordingly, the effects of sleep should be found only on difficult insight problems that can induce an impasse. To test this prediction, participants attempted easy and difficult verbal insight problems. After a period of 12 or 24 hours including sleep, or 12 hours awake, participants returned to solve problems that were previouslyunsolved as well as novel problems. The sleep group solved more previously-unsolved difficult problems than the awake group. No sleep-induced improvement was found for easy and novel problems. This suggests that the effects of sleep on insight are not absolute, but depend on whether the insight problem induces an impasse and requires representational restructuring.

Analogical problem solving requires using a known solution from one problem to apply to a related problem. Sleep is known to have profound effects on memory and information restructuring, and so we tested whether sleep promoted such analogical transfer, determining whether improvement was due to subjective memory for problems, subjective recognition of similarity across related problems, or by abstract generalisation of structure. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to a set of source problems. Then, after a 12-hour period involving sleep or wake, they attempted target problems structurally related to the source problems but with different surface features. Experiment 2 controlled for time of day effects by testing participants either in the morning or the evening. Sleep improved analogical transfer, but effects were not due to improvements in subjective memory or similarity recognition, but rather effects of structural generalisation across problems.

The literature on the activities of public relations (PR) is getting richer. Also, numerous empirical studies on the PR process, methods and techniques are conducted, as well as analyses on the effectiveness of PR and ethics in this field. There is a relatively small number of studies that examine decision-making processes by PR practitioners. Despite numerous discussions on the issue of decision-making, methods of decision making in public relations are not a subject of research and debate. Most decisions in this area are probably made unsystematically and in a very individual way. However, the introduction of effective methods, proven in other areas, which support decision making practice related to communication processes, can help to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the organization in the field of building relationships with the stakeholders. The authors show how the use of cognitive maps and the WINGS method can help PR consultants to choose a PR strategy in situations ...

an associate prof essor at McGill University where he had a joint appointment in the Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, and in the Centre for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine. His major research interest was in the area of problem solving. Over the years, his research evolved up the ladder of complexity, devoting work to reaction times in simple arithmetic and moving on to working on diagnostic reasoning by physicians and medical students. During the course of a 30-year-career, Guy made significant contributions in several areas of applied cognitive science. As a graduate student in Stanford, he became involved in seminal research in the development of computer-assisted instruction (Suppes & Groen, 1968). His doctoral research on chronometric studies of children's arithmetic was very influential in the development of the field of cognitive research in mathematics (Groen

Grundy, Bialystok, and colleagues have reported that at short response-stimulus intervals bilinguals have smaller sequential congruency effects in flanker tasks compared to monolinguals. They interpret these differences to mean that bilinguals are more efficient at disengaging attentional control. Ten empirical studies are presented that show no differences between bilinguals and monolinguals under conditions that produced robust sequential congruency effects. These null results are discussed with respect to the rate at which sequential congruency effects dissipate and the fact these effects are not adaptive in the sense of improving overall performance. Arguments made by Goldsmith and Morton [1] that smaller sequential congruency effects should not be interpreted as "advantages" are extended. Evidence is also presented that neither simple congruency effects, nor sequential congruency effects, correlate across tasks. This lack of convergent validity is inconsistent with the hypothesis that either provides a measure of domain-general control that could underlie an advantage accrued through experience in switching languages. Results from other tasks purporting to show bilingual advantages in the disengagement of attention are also reviewed. We conclude that sequential congruency effects in nonverbal interference tasks and differences in the rate of disengaging attention are unlikely to contribute to our understanding of bilingual language control and that future research might productively examine differences in proactive rather than reactive control.

Participants completed three cued-switching tasks, responded to two category-fluency probes, two letter-fluency probes, and two probes to alternate between two targets. Correlations across the three cued-switching tasks were significant for both switching costs and mixing costs. The bilingual advantage hypothesis was tested both by forming language groups and treating bilingualism as a continuous variable. No bilingual advantages were observed. In verbal-fluency monolinguals generated more correct responses but the bilingual disadvantage on the category task was not reduced in the letter-fluency scores. The bilingual disadvantage was eliminated when the groups were matched on vocabulary size. The verbal-fluency measures obtained when participants alternated between targets weakly correlated with the switching-costs obtained in the cued-switching tasks.

What does it mean to know something about history? If you know "your" history, what is it that you know? For many, it is definitely about being able to provide dates, to state what happened or how people lived in the past; while for others it means being able to conduct genealogical research or being able to navigate in a video game that takes place in an historical environment. In a school context, the issue of knowledge is always central. Pupils and teachers meet in, around and through knowledge, and moreover, knowledge is assessed daily. This article addresses how pupils in the last years of the nine-year period of Swedish compulsory schooling regard knowledge about history. The aim is to investigate how Swedish 15 years old pupils in Grade 9 describe knowledge about history, as well as what type of knowledge about history pupils appear to hold.

We examine the effect of an irrelevant task that may become a reference point on subjects’ effort, feelings and perceptions. All subjects complete up to 25 tasks and are paid $0.10 per task solved correctly. However, some subjects have an easy task of finding one letter and others have a hard task of finding two letters. In the irrelevant-task treatment conditions subjects are told about the two types of tasks and are then assigned randomly to one. In addition, there are two control conditions, and in each control condition subjects are assigned to a specific task without the other task being possible or mentioned. Subjects in the irrelevant-task treatments express more positive (negative) feelings when assigned to the easy (hard) task. The control conditions that have no reference point of another task are in between the two irrelevant-task treatments in the feeling ratings. We hypothesized that for a given task, the subjects in the experimental conditions that have more positive f...

health difficulty (CDC 2013;. On average, 40-75% of children in the United States with mental health disorders do not receive the services they need (Mental Health America 2015; NIMH 2001). Due to federal sequestrations, states across the country have sustained cuts in funding for community mental health treatment (NAMI 2011). Relatedly, policy reports and empirical papers have documented the insufficient availability of therapists in publicly funded mental health systems (e.g., Fund 2010;. The disproportionate number of youth seeking treatment to therapists is expected to increase as more people in the United States gain access to healthcare through the Affordable Care Act . Importantly, youth living in rural areas face even lower availability of therapists, including those trained in evidence-based practices, as well as less accessibility due to higher levels of stigma toward therapy than youth in urban areas . Despite the high levels of unmet need for mental health treatment in the United States, the mental health treatment that is provided is costly to society and families. In fact, out of all conditions affecting children, mental health disorders cost the most to treat (Soni 2009). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates the annual cost of child mental health disorders to be $247 billion (CDC 2013). One explanation for both unmet need and the relatively high cost of mental health treatment when provided are inefficiencies in mental health systems . Efforts to improve efficiency in mental health systems can address any factors that minimize cost for a given output, such as improved clinical functioning . Factors that could improve efficiency in mental health systems include increasing the use of evidence-based treatments, providing treatment in Abstract Many community mental health (CMH) systems contain inefficiencies, contributing to unmet need for services among youth. Using a quasi-experimental research design, we examined the implementation of an adapted structural-strategic family intervention, Parenting with Love and Limits, in a state CMH system to increase efficiency of services to youth with co-existing internalizing and externalizing functional impairments (PLL n = 296; Treatment-As-Usual n = 296; 54% male; 81% Caucasian). Youth receiving PLL experienced shorter treatment durations and returned to CMH services at significantly lower rates than youth receiving treatment-as-usual. They also demonstrated significant decreases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time. Findings lay the foundation for further examination of the role of an adapted structural-strategic family treatment in increasing the efficiency of CMH systems.