Anthropology

Long-standing literature argues that social capital is closely implicated in labour market outcomes. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in Latin America, the most unequal region in the world. We focus on Chile, one of the most stratified countries in Latin America. This study examines the relationship between social capital and four measures of status attainment, including job prestige and employment income. We use data from the first wave of the Longitudinal Social Study of Chile (ELSOC), a representative survey of the Chilean urban population aged 18-75 years. We analyse a subsample of 1,351 individuals who are currently employed. A Bayesian model of over-dispersion with relational data is used to estimate the size of the network, a novel measure of social capital. We analyse the data set using linear and logistic regression models and a complementary path analysis, first estimating models for the entire sample, and then splitting the sample into three groups to evaluate differences within individuals' socioeconomic background. Results indicate that contacts' occupational prestige has a positive association with job prestige and employment income, while the size of the network increases individuals' salaries and labour participation. We also observe that social capital flows through stratified networks which tend to favour individuals from high socioeconomic backgrounds. We discuss the need to conduct more in-depth evaluations of how better creation of social capital and its effects on status attainment could be closely linked to positions of privilege and advantage accumulation processes in highly unequal contexts.

Absztrakt: Írásomban röviden bemutatom a Replika 132. számában megjelenő Társadalmi ontológia blokk legfőbb kérdéseit, problémáit, irányait és fogalmait. Ezzel párhuzamosan vázlatosan kitérek a kérdéskör legfőbb filozófiatörténeti állomásaira, amelyek segíthetnek megérteni a társadalmi ontológia előzményeit, történeti alakulását és kontextusát, továbbá röviden ismertetem a blokkban megjelenő tanulmányok kérdéseit és eredményeit.

The excavation in 2007 of a cemetery of the Hellenistic times (from the end of the 4th century BC) in the wider region
of Piraeus (the biggest harbor of Greece), brought to light 93 graves and 88 skeletons the remains of which were macroscopically
studied from the anthropological point of view. The study demonstrated - among other pathological findings - a high rate of porotic
hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia (47,8%), both these lesions being possibly connected (besides other factors), with the infectious
disease of malaria. This fact (viewed within an ecological frame) motivated the theoretical approach of the particular characteristics
of the environment of Piraeus, that may have been determining factors for malaria in antiquity; apart from the existence of a vast
marshy area in ancient Piraeus (Alipedon), there also were other equally aggravating natural factors for the dispersal of the disease:
the lack of running water or the repeatedly overflowing Kifissos river along with the transformation of the coastline, to mention but
a few. Among the anthropogenic factors associated with the occurrence of the disease, are included the Long Walls - that major defensive
work stretching between Athens and Piraeus -, the methods of cultivation in that time, as well as the role of the Harbor itself.

A large majority of older people wish to live in non-institutionalized housing for as long as possible. However, current homes are generally not suitable for later life, leading us to rethink our living environments to support health and wellbeing. Architects, in that regard, have a key role to play. Yet, to date, they seem to have a limited knowledge of emotion-related users' preferences, which could be the consequence of a frequent lack of care perspectives in design teaching, as well as a difficulty to pick up and translate research findings into practice. This study therefore sought to understand how (interior) architecture students design housing that facilitates ageing well in place, when they are prompted to consider older people's needs/aspirations more holistically. We conducted design exercises with 16 students from two architecture schools and we fed their reflections with theoretical "themes" and "personas". These inputs were nurtured by a literature review on "ageing well in place" and by focus groups organized with multidisciplinary experts. At the end of the exercise, the students completed a questionnaire to summarize their design considerations. The results focus on the preeminent spatial features designed by students to meet inhabitant's needs, as well as some pedagogical aspects of the workshops. They highlight links between themes/personas and design strategies/choices. The paper concludes by recommendations to train future architects to design living environments with an eye for ageing well in place.

A remote eolianite cave and sinkhole complex on the southeast coast of Madagascar has played a major role in the history of paleontology in Madagascar. Andrahomana Cave has yielded a rich fossil record of the extinct megafauna. Expeditions in 2000 and 2003 produced a wealth of new material and provided the first systematic information concerning the genesis, stratigraphy, and taphonomy of the site. Recovered bones of one of the most poorly understood extinct large lemurs, Hadropithecus stenognathus, include many skeletal elements previously unknown. Radiocarbon dates show that the site has sampled this disappeared fauna in the midto-late Holocene, but that bone-bearing layers are stratigraphically mixed, probably owing to the effects of reworking of the sediments by extreme marine events. The diverse biota recovered contains elements of both eastern rain forest and southwestern arid bushland, reflecting the cave's position in the zone of transition between wet and dry biomes. Bones of two unusual small mammals add to the previously long faunal list for the site: 1) the first fossil evidence for Macrotarsomys petteri, a large-bodied endemic nesomyid rodent previously known only from a single modern specimen; and 2) the type specimen and additional material of a newly described extinct shrew-tenrec (Microgale macpheei). Evidence for prehistoric and colonial-era humans includes artifacts, hearth deposits, and remains of human domesticates and other introduced species. Although previously protected by its extreme isolation, the unique site is vulnerable to exploitation. An incipient tourist industry is likely to bring more people to the cave, and there is currently no form of protection afforded to the site.

Recent paleontological discoveries in Madagascar document the existence of a diverse clade of palaeopropithecids or “sloth lemurs”: Mesopropithecus (three species), Babakotia (one species), Palaeopropithecus (three species), and Archaeoindris (one species). This mini-radiation of now extinct (“subfossil”) lemurs is most closely related to the living indrids ( Indri , Propithecus , and Avahi ). Whereas the extant indrids are known for their leaping acrobatics, the palaeopropithecids (except perhaps for the poorly known giant Archaeoindris ) exhibit numerous skeletal design features for antipronograde or suspensory positional behaviors (e.g., high intermembral indices and mobile joints). Here we analyze the curvature of the proximal phalanges of the hands and feet. Computed as the included angle (θ), phalangeal curvature develops in response to mechanical use and is known to be correlated in primates with hand and foot function in different habitats; terrestrial species have straighte...

Recent paleontological expeditions to the Ankarana range of northern Madagascar have recovered the partial remains of four individuals of a newly recognized extinct lemur, Babakotia radofilai. Craniodental and postcranial material serve to identify Babakotia as a member of the palaeopropithecids (also including the extinct genera Palaeopropithecus, Archaeoindris, and Mesopropithecus). Living indrids form the sister group to this fossil clade. The postcranial anatomy indicates that Babakotia was a medium-sized (approximately 15 kg) indroid whose inferred positional behaviors were primarily slow climbing and hanging. Although it is probable that a leaping component typified the ancestral positional repertoire of all Malagasy lemurs, the mosaic nature of the locomotor skeleton of Babakotia further suggests that vertical climbing and hang-feeding rather than ricochetal leaping were primitive for indrids and palaeopropithecids and that the dramatic saltatory adaptations of the living ind...

The tempo and pattern of macroevolutionary change have bearing on current controversies concerning the processes of macroevolutionary change. In this paper we reexamine the evidence lbr increase in cranial capacity in light of traditional arguments and interpretations, paying special attention to methodological problems inherent in data transformations and manipulations. Despite a large volume of descriptive material published on the subject, there has been relatively little attention paid to testing competing hypotheses of processes of macroevolutionary change (punctuational, gradual, autocatalytic); the descriptions which have emerged often reflect unstatcd and, perhaps, unrealized a priori assumptions made by researchers. Log log transformations of cranial capacity versus time are misleading and inappropriate. A uniform pattern of change in hominid cranial capacity is less obvious than generally assumed.

A partial, associated skeleton of Hadropithecus stenognathus (AHA-I) was discovered in 2003 at Andrahomana Cave in southeastern Madagascar. Among the postcranial elements found were the first hand bones (right scaphoid, right hamate, left first metacarpal, and right and left fifth metacarpals) attributed to this rare subfossil lemur. These hand bones were compared to those of extant strepsirrhines and catarrhines in order to infer the positional adaptations of Hadropithecus, and they were compared to those of Archaeolemur in order to assess variation in hand morphology among archaeolemurids. The scaphoid tubercle does not project palmarly as in suspensory and climbing taxa, and the hamate has no hook at all (just a small tubercle), which also points to a poorly developed carpal tunnel. There is a distinctive, radioulnarly directed ''spiral'' facet for articulation with the triquetrum that is most similar in orientation to that of more terrestrial primates (i.e., Lemur catta, Papio, and Gorilla). The first metacarpal is very reduced and represents only 48% of the length of metacarpal V, as in Archaeolemur, which suggests that pollical grasping of arboreal supports was not important. Compared to Archaeolemur, the shaft of metacarpal V is gracile, and the head has no dorsal ridge and lacks characteristics functionally associated with digitigrade, extended metacarpophalangeal joint postures. Proximally, the articular facet for the hamate is oriented more dorsally. Thus, the carpometacarpal joint V appears to have a distinctive hyperextended set, which has no analog among living or extinct primates. The carpals of Hadropithecus are diagnostic of a pronograde, arboreal and terrestrial (although not digitigrade) locomotor repertoire that typifies Lemur catta and some Old World monkeys. No clinging, suspensory, or climbing specializations that characterize indriids or lorises can be found in the hand of this subfossil lemur. The hand of Hadropithecus likely had similar ranges of movement at the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints as of those of pronograde primates, such as lemurids, for which the hand is held in a more extended, pronated, and neutral (i.e., showing less ulnar deviation) position during locomotion in comparison to that of vertical clingers or slow climbers. Although highly autapomorphic, the hand of Hadropithecus resembles that of its sister taxon, Archaeolemur, in having a very reduced pollex and an articular facet on the scaphoid for a sizeable prepollex. These unusual hand features reinforce the monophyly of the Archaeolemuridae.

Objective: To examine the rate of human follicular depletion and the interpretation of curved scatters on log-linear plots. Design: Four mathematical models were tested with use of data drawn from published autopsy studies and histologic analyses of ovaries.

The Spiny Thicket Ecoregion (STE) of Southern and southwestern Madagascar was recently home to numerous giant lemurs and other “megafauna,” including pygmy hippopotamuses, giant tortoises, elephant birds, and large euplerid carnivores. Following the arrival of humans more than 2,000 years ago, dramatic extinctions occurred. Only one‐third of the lemur species which earlier occupied the STE survive today; other taxa suffered even greater losses. We use stable isotope biogeochemistry to reconstruct past diets and habitat preferences of the recently extinct lemurs of the STE. We show that the extinct lemurs occupied a wide range of niches, often distinct from those filled by coeval non‐primates. Many of the now‐extinct lemurs regularly exploited habitats that were drier than the gallery forests in which the remaining lemurs of this ecoregion are most often protected and studied. Most fed predominantly on C3 plants and some were likely the main dispersers of the large seeds of native C3...

We examine several explanations for the geographic pattern of body size variation exhibited by the subfossil lemur Archaeolemur. Part and partial correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis are applied in a stepwise, hierarchical fashion to help to determine variables interdependencies. Variance in site menas for body size is best explained by the richness of the plant community and by several correlated climatic variables (bioclimatic zone and mean annual rainfall). Body size differentiation in Archaeolemur roughly mirrors patterns observed among many other Malagasy lemur species and subspecies groups. This consistency alone suggests that common ecological factor have strongly affected size differentiation in lemurs, most probably (as suggested by our correlation analyses) by uniformly influencing the productivity of their niches. Smaller individuals tend to inhabit arid regions, and larger individuals tend to inhabit wetter regions. The interplay between selective differ...

Surface areas of humeral and femoral heads scale largely as a function of body size. However, differences in the relative sizes of these articular surfaces are correlated with differential joint mobility and force transmission through fore‐ and hindlimbs. They can therefore assist interpretation of the positional behavior of extinct species. In this paper, we document variation in ratios of humeral head surface area to femoral head surface area among extant primates and other mammals. We then examine a group of extinct primates: the subfossil lemurs of Madagascar. Many Malagasy le murs, including some giant extinct species with very long forelimbs and short hindlimbs, have relatively small humeral heads and large femoral heads. We explore the adaptive implications of this pattern. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

A thorough knowledge of biological variation in extant primates is imperative for interpreting variation, and for delineating species in primate biology and paleobiology. This is especially the case given the recent, rapid taxonomic expansion in many primate groups, notably among small-bodied nocturnal forms. Here we present data on dental, cranial, and pelage variation in a single-locality museum sample of mouse lemurs from Amboasary, Madagascar. To interpret these data, we include comparative information from other museum samples, and from a newly collected mouse lemur skeletal sample from the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar. We scored forty dental traits (n ¼ 126) and three pelage variants (n ¼ 19), and collected 21 cranial/dental measures. Most dental traits exhibit variable frequencies, with some only rarely present. Individual dental variants include misshapen and supernumerary teeth. All Amboasary pelage specimens display a "reversed V" on the cap, and a distinct dorsal median stripe on the back. All but two displayed the dominant grayebrown pelage coloration typical of Microcebus griseorufus. Cranial and dental metric variability are each quite low, and craniometric variation does not illustrate heteroscedasticity. To assess whether this sample represents a single species, we compared dental and pelage variation to a documented, single-species M. griseorufus sample from BMSR. As at Amboasary, BMSR mouse lemurs display limited odontometric variation and wide variation in nonmetric dental traits. In contrast, BMSR mouse lemurs display diverse pelage, despite reported genetic homogeneity. Ranges of dental and pelage variation at BMSR and Amboasary overlap. Thus, we conclude that the Amboasary mouse lemurs represent a single species e most likely (in the absence of genetic data to the contrary) M. griseorufus, and we reject their previous allocation to Microcebus murinus. Patterns of variation in the Amboasary sample provide a comparative template for recognizing the degree of variation manifested in a single primate population, and by implication, they provide minimum values for this species' intraspecific variation. Finally, discordance between different biological systems in our mouse lemur samples illustrates the need to examine multiple systems when conducting taxonomic analyses among living or fossil primates.

La problématique de l'effondrement des populations d'abeilles dans le monde ne se pose pas en des termes similaires dans les zones tempérées et dans les zones semiarides et arides. Dans ces dernières, l'effondrement est chronique et dû à des régimes de précipitations annuelles très variables qui imposent des fluctuations du niveau des populations d'abeilles. Dans ces conditions, la continuité du rapport homme-abeille ne repose pas tant sur la stabilité de la population ou du stock de pollen et nectar disponible que sur la permanence de la relation, tant pratique que symbolique 1 . Une telle distinction de contextes apicoles invite à préciser le régime de relation qui permet sa permanence en dehors de toute stabilité démographique d'un des acteurs de la relation, l'abeille. La question de la domestication des abeilles ne cesse de faire débat depuis des décennies, chez les anthropologues, historiens et archéozoologues notamment, pour faire la part entre l'imaginaire du sens commun, suscité de manière universelle par la « sociabilité » remarquable de ces populations d'insectes, et l'impact des pratiques concrètes des apiculteurs sur ces dernières. Car une question dérange sans cesse du point de vue de la formulation : comment parler de domestication de l'abeille alors que celle-ci vit déjà en société et que son passage à « l'état » domestique ne change en rien son organisation sociale ? Même si la langue française retient la connotation végétale du verbe « cultiver » pour qualifier le champ d'activité lié à l'exploitation des abeilles, ou celui d'« élever » pour désigner l'activité de sélection des reines, certains auteurs imputent à juste titre à ces appellations des points de vue culturels qui ne témoignent pas de la réalité du rapport technique au monde des abeilles, mais des représentations que l'on s'en fait .

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) executed a raid of Agriprocessors Inc, the nation's largest kosher slaughterhouse and meat packing plant located in the town of Postville, Iowa. The raid -officials boasted-was "the largest single-site operation of its kind in American history." At that same hour, 26 federally certified interpreters from all over the country were en route to the small neighboring city of Waterloo, Iowa, having no idea what their mission was about. The investigation had started more than a year earlier. Raid preparations had begun in December. The Clerk's Office of the U.S. District Court had contracted the interpreters a month ahead, but was not at liberty to tell us the whole truth, lest the impending raid be compromised. The operation was led by ICE, which belongs to the executive branch, whereas the U.S. District Court, belonging to the judicial branch, had to formulate its own official reason for participating. Accordingly, the Court had to move for two weeks to a remote location as part of a "Continuity of Operation Exercise" in case they were ever disrupted by an emergency, which in Iowa is likely to be a tornado or flood. That is what we were told, but, frankly, I was not prepared for a disaster of such a different kind, one which was entirely man-made.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of Postville in contemporary American history and social policy. On May 12, 2008, this tiny Heartland farm town, secluded amid the rolling hills and cornfields of northern Iowa, became the site of the largest immigration raid in US ...

Examining skeletal materials unearthed from graves at archaeological sites involve complex and multifaceted research challenges, often necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration. Comprehensive studies of individual skeletons can yield crucial insights for identifying and reconstructing factors that influenced the living conditions, health status, and overall biological condition of entire palaeopopulations. The primary goals of anthropological skeletal analysis are to determine the identity of the deceased, understand their lifestyle, identify any diseases they suffered from, analyse their diet and eating habits, assess their level of physical activity, describe their distinguishing features, and determine the cause of death. Conducting in-depth analysis is necessary in order to develop both a basic and an extended biological profile, and to determine the individual’s sex, age at death, and stature. Subsequent stages involve assessing dental status, identifying determinants of physiological stress, evaluating morphometric changes in bones related to habitual and life activities, and examining all skeletal and dental pathologies. Analysing pathological changes in bones often involves difficulties typically encountered in differential diagnosis, including in palaeopathology. Examining observed pathologies solely on bones is often extremely difficult and sometimes impossible to resolve unequivocally. These difficulties arise from the nonspecific nature of changes, similar clinical presentations in various disease entities, the lack of clinical history, and taphonomic factors that have a destructive effect on bones (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). Moreover, it cannot be stated with full certainty that currently known diseases cause the same anatomical and pathological changes in bones as those found in the skeletons of people living in antiquity. This is because the clinical picture of diseases may change over long periods of time (Miller et al. 1996; Carotenuto et al. 2021). When examining skeletal materials from archaeological sites, it is necessary to differentiate the normal anatomical structure of the bone from pathological changes. This helps recognise possible post-traumatic alterations, and – if possible – determine the time and mechanism of their occurrence (whether active or passive), and identify the tool used to inflict the injury. An injury results from energy applied harmfully to the human body (trauma), manifesting as macroscopically perceptible changes, such as breaches in the continuity of tissue structures (Teresiński 2019, 311). Bones may fracture, meaning the continuity of bone tissue can be disrupted as a result of significant mechanical injury that exceeds the tissue’s elasticity limits. In most cases, diagnosing injuries with signs of healing is relatively easy, and indicates that they occurred during the individual’s life. Medical imaging tests (for example, X-rays and computed tomography) further facilitate diagnostics. The identification and interpretation of bone injuries in archaeological material that may have occurred perimortem is often complex, difficult, and sometimes even impossible, which may be due to the poor condition of the skeletal remains. Perimortem injuries can result from trauma that occurred shortly before death, preventing repair processes from starting (no signs of remodelling). They can also occur shortly after death, in which case the bone still retains its biomechanical elasticity and plasticity (Lorkiewicz et al. 2011; Pechníková et al. 2011; Sorg 2019; Soficaru, Trinkaus 2020). The absence of soft tissues and the inability to assess other injuries accompanying fractures (for example, bruising, haemorrhages, skin wounds, and muscle damage in open fractures) present significant challenges in differentiating and interpreting trauma signs. In cases when the state of skeleton preservation is poor and taphonomic alterations are present, distinguishing perimortem injuries from postmortem injuries caused by secondary excavations or postmortem fragmentation is often ambiguous or even impossible (Pechníková et al. 2011; Ribeiro et al. 2020). Diagnosing and interpreting such lesions in order to distinguish between injuries and taphonomic modifications requires extensive knowledge and experience. This includes understanding characteristics of bone healing, the biomechanical plasticity and elasticity reflected in the morphology of fractures, and the ability to differentiate normal bone structure from bone affected by pathological changes. The environmental context of discovery and the arrangement of the skeleton in situ are also important. Various burial customs observed in different periods and cultures (for example, secondary shafts, or moving skeletons or their parts) can often contribute to the deterioration of remains. However, these customs may also carry significant information in the form of traces left on the bones (for example, marks made by tools). Skeletal bone material from archaeological sites is therefore a rich source of information regarding the history of each deceased person, including their postmortem history.

El agua representa el recurso más importante dentro de la actividad agrícola, sin embargo en las últimas décadas dicho recurso se ha visto limitado debido a diversas causas, como son: crecimiento poblacional, deforestación, descarga directa de aguas residuales y agroquímicos, entre muchas otras. Este trabajo se centra en conjuntos de producciones agrícolas individuales con recursos básicos y medios familiares de sustento y con diversas estrategias de desarrollo. Se presentan los casos de La Ciénega de Zimatlán, Santa Catarina Quiané y San Nicolás Quialana, en el distrito de Zimatlán de Álvarez, Oaxaca, comunidades que cuentan con más del 70% de hogares agrícolas. La investigación se realiza con la finalidad de identificar los factores que determinan la disponibilidad de agua para riego, así como reconocer las características del sistema agrícola de la región. El análisis estadístico básico se realiza con datos secundarios y datos primarios, recabados a través de entrevistas dirigida...

Las mujeres nunca han sido una categoría homogénea y esencializada. Ampliar el análisis de la mujer a la noción de género resulta útil para tener presente que “mujer” y “hombre” no son sólo especies biológicas, sino también construcciones culturales. El género denota percepciones de feminidad y masculinidad, al mismo tiempo que estructura relaciones de jerarquía y poder en la sociedad. El género es un concepto con múltiples capas que abre otrasnociones como los procesos de racialización, religión y clase, así como otros significados epistemológicos. Estos argumentos y la investigación histórica reciente aplicada a las fotógrafas europeas nos  condujeron  al  objetivo  de  este  monográfico.  Se  actualizan  algunas  de  las cuestiones fundamentales, renovando el conocimiento de su obra fotográfica. No excluimos  a  las  que  han  abierto  camino  fuera  de  Europa  y  utilizado  diferentes metodologías fotográficas. Al mismo tiempo, pensamos en las fotógrafas que han extendido    su    actividad    al    cine,    donde    históricamente    han    estado infrarrepresentadas. Estas cuestiones son transversales a los diez artículos de este monográfico,  que  se  estructuran,  por  razones  de  presentación,  en  cuatro apartados o capítulos: 1. Comparando mujeres fotógrafas: legados e impactos; 2. Mujeres fotógrafas: biografías en perspectiva; 3. Fotógrafas documentales y fotoperiodistas comprometidas; 4. Fotografía y cine: enfoques e hipertextos.

As mulheres nunca foram uma categoria homogênea e essencializada. Estender a análise das mulheres à noção de gênero é útil para manter em mente que 'mulher' e 'homem', enquanto tipos biológicos são construções culturais. Gênero denota percepções de feminilidade e masculinidade e, ao mesmo tempo, estruturas hierárquicas e relações de poder na sociedade. Gênero é um conceito multicamadas que abre outras noções, como classe, raça e religião; bem como outros significados epistemológicos. Esses argumentos e pesquisas históricas recentes aplicadas a fotógrafas europeias nos levaram ao objetivo desta monografia: atualizar algumas das questões fundamentais e renovar nosso conhecimento do trabalho de fotógrafas europeias. Não excluímos aquelas que fizeram seu caminho para fora da Europa e usaram diferentes práticas fotográficas. Ao mesmo tempo, consideramos fotógrafas que estenderam sua atividade ao cinema, um meio onde, historicamente, elas foram sub-representadas. Essas questões são transversais aos dez artigos desta monografia, que foi estruturada, por questões de apresentação, em quatro questões principais ou capítulos: 1. Comparando mulheres fotógrafas: legados e impactos; 2. Mulheres fotógrafas: biografias em perspectiva; 3. Fotógrafas documentaristas e fotojornalistas comprometidos; 4. Fotografia e cinema: abordagens e hipertextos.

El impacto de la corriente marxista de pensamiento en Occidente a partir de finales del siglo XIX es fun-damental para comprender el desarrollo de la polí-tica, las disputas por el poder, de las tensiones ideo-lógicas y de la producción académica de las universi-dades durante todo el siglo XX y XXI. Lejos de ser una tradición política y teórica marginal, la difusión del marxismo en América Latina y Costa Rica se desarro-lló de manera muy relevante para la organización de los movimientos sociales más fuertes de aquel contexto. De esta extensa tradición intelectual de pensamiento, los historiadores marxista británicos son posiblemente el grupo más relevante de intelectuales de la Historia del siglo XX.

This study aims to explore English language teachers' and English department heads' perspectives on the benefits and challenges of designing and delivering units using Understanding by Design (UbD) framework to teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL). UbD is a unit and curriculum design framework which aims for student understanding and its transfer into real life context through three stages: identifying the desired results, determining the assessment evidence, and planning learning activities. Data was collected through open-ended questionnaires from 39 English language teachers and five department heads, and semistructured focus group interviews with seven teachers. The content and thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the teachers who implemented UbD within the context of their school perceived it as a design process with benefits on students' academic achievement and English language skills through its focus on the development of understandings and transfer. The findings also uncovered perceived challenges caused by institutional, instructional, teacher related and learner related factors. Teachers also found UbD implementations challenging due to the characteristics of online education during the global pandemic. These findings suggest that although UbD is not commonly used at schools in the Turkish EFL context, it can be offered as an alternative unit design practice if teachers' professional knowledge of its underlying principles is increased with regular in-service trainings on its proper implementation.

Global perspective on the archaeology of the African Diaspora will be the main theme of this symposium. Papers will discuss results of ongoing research, analysis, and interpretation of archaeological, bioanthropological and other evidence from the African Diaspora. The Howard University based African Burial Ground Project in New York City, a project that utilises an interdisciplinary and explicitly diasporic and comparative perspective, will serve as the hub and model for the symposium.

Aborda o processo de constituição do acervo de instrumentos científicos do Setor de Antropologia Biológica (antiga Divisão de Antropologia Física) do Museu Nacional. Prioriza-se a análise da coleção de instrumentos de antropometria. Pensar o instrumental de medição antropométrica relacionando-o com as demais coleções do acervo de antropologia biológica e com a atuação dos pesquisadores do Museu Nacional, em seus respectivos contextos sociopolíticos e acadêmicos, oferece uma visão privilegiada do panorama científico na passagem do século XIX para o XX.

This ethnography study explored the role of Latino fathers in family life and their children's education before and during the pandemic. The study also examined the role of Latino and ally leaders in serving Latino fathers and their families in northwest Iowa and southern Minnesota before and during the pandemic. The sample consisted of 40 Latino fathers from El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua and 22 leaders of Latino and European American backgrounds. The study utilized different qualitative inquiries including the larger ethnography, testimonios, and observations to collect the data. Key findings included that the Latino fathers were moving beyond traditional interpretations of Latino fatherhood and masculinity, in particular machismo. Rather, they were focused on a new family dynamic and Latino fatherhood that highlighted positive Latino family values and egalitarian beliefs. It was discovered that Latino fathers were more actively engaged in their children's lives and education regardless of the circumstances. A key finding demonstrated that they showed resilience before and during the pandemic in efforts to serve their families. The results showed that leaders were actively advocating and serving Latino families before and during the pandemic, and these leaders showed progress in helping rural communities move toward equity, diversity, and inclusiveness for their communities. Implications for future research were provided.

« L'ancienne façon de penser la mesure était concrète, comparative et relative, et non abstraite, normative ou absolue 1 . » L'historien de l'économie Harald Witthöft renvoie ainsi à deux approches distinctes de la mesure et, au-delà, à deux véritables cultures des pratiques métriques qui se sont succédé dans le temps : une ancienne, ancrée dans l'environnement matériel qui, avec sa multitude de poids et de mesures, s'adapte aux besoins quotidiens, au négoce des marchands et au pragmatisme des activités économiques à différentes échelles, et une moderne, détachée du monde sensible avec une conception abstraite et scientifique des poids et mesures, érigée en langage universel et gouvernée par des normes garantissant les échanges au niveau mondial. Quelle rupture ou transition dans le temps, de nature épistémologique et sociétale, est à l'origine de cette représentation d'un avant et d'un après ? Les historiens de la mesure considèrent, de façon plus ou moins explicite, qu'il s'agit du ou, plutôt, des moments de l'introduction du système fondé sur le mètre dans les sociétés occidentales 2 . L'historiographie oppose ainsi très souvent le manque de précision et la « trop » grande diversité, voire le « chaos » des systèmes dits « pré-métriques », de l'Antiquité jusqu'à l'Ancien Régime, avec la rigueur, l'uniformité et l'universalité du système fondé sur le mètre 3 . Les anthropologues pointent plutôt du doigt la révolution industrielle du monde occidental qui aurait modifié à la fois la fonction sociale et notre vision de la mesure. Alors que la science s'applique désormais aux techniques

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The article examines the influence of socio-cultural practices of Ramadan fasting in competitive sports and adaptation pathway of the athletes. The study describes how the socio-cultural context acts as the social "panopticon" and explains the adaptation pathways among Muslim archers. Foucauldian concept explains individual actions and behaviors within social and cultural settings, and adaptation pathways during Ramadan fasting. Eleven elite Malaysian Muslim archers participated in an open ended interview to identify individual experiences of competing in high level sports while engaging in Ramadan fasting. Relevant quotes were extracted to identify means and methods leading to a pathway toward adaptation. The inductively identified pathway viz. understanding of the context, control and adjustment, willpower and self enhancement, belonging and gravitating, trust and support culminates in the dimension of adaptation. The study highlights how cultural and societal influences have a bearing on actions, behaviors, and decisions of competitive athletes.

This response addresses several Letters To the Editor (LTEs) that provided feedback on the 2019 AJPA Commentary "Data Sharing in Biological Anthropology: Guiding Principles and Best Practices" authored by C. Mulligan and T. Turner. All of those who participated in the 2019 Workshop on Data Sharing in Biological Anthropology were shown a draft of the current document and had an opportunity to provide feedback before publication. We include the '2019 Workshop on Data Sharing in Biological Anthropology' as a co-author on this response and we list all workshop participants and their affiliations to demonstrate the diversity of voices represented at the workshop that resulted in the original AJPA Commentary by Mulligan and Turner. This response has the following goals: 1) to emphasize that was only meant to be the beginning of more detailed work that is needed to institute satisfactory data archiving and sharing practices in the field of Biological Anthropology in the United States, 2) to summarize and analyze the perspectives of the letter writers, and 3) to address the potential next steps in this discussion based on input from the letter writers. The LTEs unanimously supported the importance of more open, consistent, and standardized data sharing in Biological Anthropology. They saw the commentary from 2019 as important and timely. Wagner's LTE pointed out that Mulligan and Turner (2019) was initially locked behind the journal paywall. As quickly as possible, Mulligan and Turner worked with the journal and the publisher to provide free access to the article as they had always intended. Given that the article focused on the need for more open sharing of data, we recognize the mixed message this error may have sent. This experience highlights the need for authors to ensure that access to their articles, or datasets, is implemented in the way they intend. We are grateful to all the LTE writers for highlighting priorities for continued discussion on data access and sharing in Biological Anthropology. We sympathize with Wagner's frustration that Mulligan and Turner ( ) addressed issues at a high level without specific actionable or enforceable suggestions. The primary goal of was to signal to the Biological Anthropology community that it is important to focus on its data archiving and sharing habits and to align them with emerging best practices exemplified by other data-driven sciences where possible. The workshop helped reaffirm that each sub-discipline has certain unique data sharing issues. More specific guidelines will need to reflect these differences, but the two-day workshop was not enough time to articulate, let alone understand and integrate, all of this variation. We therefore realize that continued dialogue within the field is needed to resolve the specifics. We also recognize the validity of Wagner's concern that Mulligan and Turner (2019) could mistakenly be treated as a complete solution rather than the start of an intensive process for the development of community standards and cultural change among numerous groups of stakeholders. We stand with her in calling to action the Biological Anthropology research community as we come together to begin this process.

The field of social and behavioral epigenetics examines the role of epigenetic modifications to mediate the effect of psychosocial stressors on an individual's health and well-being. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression, which can lead to changes in an individual's phenotype. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that varies throughout the lifespan and appears to respond to a wide range of psychosocial and biological stressors. The effects of early-life adversity impact future health and may be passed on to future generations. The underlying model proposes that stress influences health via an epigenetic mechanism involving altered DNA methylation and gene expression. This review summarizes a range of studies that have identified DNA methylation at specific genes and throughout the genome in association with multiple psychosocial stressors, including psychiatric disorders, sexual and physical abuse, and war trauma. Future studies should test a ...

Early life stress is known to have enduring biological effects, particularly with respect to health. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are a possible mechanism to mediate the biological effect of stress. We previously found correlations between maternal stress, newborn birthweight, and genome-wide measures of DNA methylation. Here we investigate ten genes related to the methylation/demethylation complex in order to better understand the impact of stress on health. DNA methylation and genetic variants at methylation/demethylation genes were assayed. Mean methylation measures were constructed for each gene and tested, in addition to genetic variants, for association with maternal stress measures based on interview and survey data (chronic stress and war trauma), maternal venous, and newborn cord genome-wide mean methylation (GMM), and birthweight. After cell type correction, we found multiple pairwise associations between war trauma, maternal GMM, maternal methylation...

The claw crane-an arcade game that invites its players to remotely grab a prize with a "claw"-has undergone a long process of development from an eye-catching "steam shovel" to a calculated gambling machine across amusement arcades, train stations, and traveling carnivals. Recently, the claw crane has become a common transmedia object in various consumer outlets around the world, serving today's "kidults" who are willing to play and be playful with toys as grownups. Especially in South Korea, the claw crane now rewards its players with cutified character plushies, which arguably reflects and resonates with the local sociocultural conventions. In this mixed-methods study, we deconstruct the claw crane as a historical artifact that promotes diverse forms of human interaction and engagement in the techno-cultural and social context of South Korea. The claw crane (or in South Korea, rather the "toy crane") is investigated by means of historical design analysis, a review of contemporary South Korean media texts, and field observations in Seoul. We suggest the claw crane to serve as a multipurpose medium for playful interactions beyond the act of play itself-and in South Korea, having become a means for playful courting and emotional support, which at times of anxiety, stress, and uncertainty may contribute to one's confidence and belief in the future.

Le vestigia della rappresentazione hanno spesso caricato il teatro di parti, ruoli, definizioni stringenti. Attraverso la lettura di Gilles Deleuze sul metodo della scrittura di scena teorizzato e "azionato" da Carmelo Bene, ci si propone qui di delineare nel concetto di "rottura" e di "superamento del modale" due nozioni fondative del teatro novecentesco. Da un lato la voce, cadenza pervasiva anche laddove si muove tra le maglie del silenzio, dall'altro il pensiero, quella particolare situazione nel mondo che, con l'inaggirabilità che le è propria, condensa l'occasione e il limite produttivo della scena. "Sottrarre" o "vedersi sottratto" qualcosa non indica strettamente una perdita. La sottrazione, oltre l'apparente contraddizione, può indicare un'aggiunta, la dischiusura di vari possibilia. Come La Ginestra di Leopardi viene alla luce quale genesi critica nei confronti del riempimento stolido delle "magnifiche sorti e progressive" 1 , così lo spazio del teatro può essere solcato attraverso un'espressione sottrattiva che permette novum e creatività affermativa. La voce, il sonoro "operatore", diventano il veicolo non solo estetico ma propriamente conoscitivo ed euristico. Il pensiero può giungere alla manifestazione anche attraverso la sottrazione, un'assenza di scena, la spoliazione dell'"a priori" a teatro. Il commento deleuziano al Manfred 2 e il libro-dialogo tra i due Sovrapposizioni 3 intrecciano questi temi di rilevanza filosofica, antropologica, artistica; il procedimento del "minorare" è, per Deleuze, la chiave d'accesso all'opera di Bene che attua, quasi ossimoricamente, un connubio tra la crescente complessificazione (basti pensare alla strumentalità fonica) e la sempre più sottile presenza scenica "classica", ovvero rappresentativa. La scrittura di scena è ob-scenus, etimologicamente una sorta di "cattivo augurio" che si fa intenzione politicoestetica di un nuovo approccio al teatro: l'immanenza pura della creatività. Il testo non è più "a monte" ma diviene nell'in fieri vocale-sonoro laddove canto, recitazione e musica emergono come ensemble. A stagliarsi è la pertinenza realizzativa di questi temi nella stessa scritturalità beniana, in particolar 1

In Australia, research resourcing might come from parties dedicated to addressing issues in the public interest, such as smoking cessation and alcohol regulation. The associations researchers have with those parties are regarded in quite different terms than, say, a research relationship that is forged with the tobacco or alcohol industries themselves. Agreeing to work with the latter ‘bad’ players would indubitably raise the liveliest of suspicions among fellow researchers, while associations with the former ‘good’ players are often regarded as in the service of good academic citizenship that helps bring about positive changes to the world, something that is often a key moral, as well as funding and publications, driver for researchers. We argue that such polar classification bears anthropological inspection and a radical rethink. The consequences of not so doing risk shutting down areas in which anthropological enquiry is urgently needed.

IntroductionAlmost everywhere in Europe, consequently to the aging of the population and due to the spreading of various pandemics (H1N1, Ebola, E. Coli, Zika virus ...) citizens are more alert. More concerned, they inform themselves more and more. They wish to take part in health debates. For these reasons the local health policies evolve. The field of public health has often been criticized for its obscurantism (due to medical confidentiality, the difficult recognition of legitimate some other knowledge in this sector....) but also for its complexity (multiple health professionals and diplomas and for its difficult technical terms...). Locally, health policies have also suffered from increased distancing between local policy-makers and ordinary citizens.Theoretical foundationsThe combination of these factors demonstrated a context facilitating the use of a participatory democracy. According to Guillaume Gourgues, "participatory democracy is the set of institutional arrangemen...

This article examines the derogatory variants of personal names in Omani Arabic that adult women use to express exasperation towards their interlocutors in intimate social settings. These variants closely resemble the original names phonetically, but are considered gravely insulting as derogatory or taboo. The article describes the sociocultural functions of such derogatory names, the differences they reveal in the usage of terms of address between the two genders, and their distinctive role in the norms of speaking and socializing among women in Oman. Arabic by adult women in intimate social settings near and around Muscat, the capital of Oman, as a means of directly or indirectly expressing exasperation towards their female interlocutors. These variants closely resemble the original names phonetically, but are considered a grave insult as they are derogatory or taboo words in Arabic. Such names serve many sociocultural functions relevant to social status, prestige, and gender. Utilized only by women, derogatory names serve purposes of social bonding, entertainment, and ostracization of offenders from the group of female interlocutors. They also reveal differences between the two genders in the use of terms of address in intimate social settings, and highlight distinctive norms of speaking and socializing. In this article, section 2 provides some background on personal names and naming in Oman and other cultures. Section 3 examines gender, politeness, and the context of female interactions in Oman. The methodology used in the study is described in section 4. Sections 5 and 6 analyze the social contexts and uses of derogatory names in Omani Arabic. Section 7 offers some concluding remarks. In this section, in order to provide some context to the discussion of derogatory forms of Omani personal names, I briefly describe the significance of personal names and the beliefs about naming in Oman, and then consider how Omani derogatory naming practices relate to terms of abuse in Egyptian Arabic. In Oman, as in other cultures, personal names are considered to be of paramount social importance. Not only do they provide a symbolic means of identification, they also reflect dominant social values, cultural values, and religious affiliations, and relate to memorable events or pressing political and economic ordeals that influence the family at the

Desde la perspectiva bioarqueologica y arqueologica, la ninez no se muy considerada en investigaciones en Mesoamerica y Oaxaca. Para comprender mejor este problema, examinamos las diferencias en el tratamiento funerario para ninos y adultos y evaluamos los ejes de variacion entre estas diferentes muestras definidas por edad. De los mas de 100 esqueletos humanos en la coleccion osteologica de El Palmillo que data del periodo Clasico (250-850 d.C.), se pudo realizar un estudio a partir de la evaluacion de la edad biologica. Se utilizo un analisis estadistico de conglomerados para conocer la distribucion de los entierros en el sitio por edad, posicion, ubicacion, cronologia, entre otras variables. Finalmente, comparamos nuestros resultados con las practicas mortuorias, hasta el momento publicadas en Monte Alban, para evaluar si existe un patron constante en el tratamiento funerario zapoteco o si hay diferencias entre los sitios.