Animal Health Economics

Smallholders can capture opportunities presented by increasing demands for livestock products due to growing populations, incomes and urbanisation. This is only feasible if smallholders remain competitive. The dominance of smallholders among livestock producers, supplying at least half of total supply of livestock products in our target regions, is strong. This is particularly true in ruminant production (beef, small ruminants and milk) and remains the case in developing country pig and poultry (see Figure 1).

أن أهم قضية اقتصادية تستحق التحليل والدراسة الآن هي أزمة الدين الخارجي وتأثيرها على الاستدامة الاقتصادية. هذه القضية ليست فقط ملحة بسبب حجم الدين المتراكم، بل أيضًا بسبب تداعياتها العملية على السياسات النقدية والمالية، سعر الصرف، الاستثمار الأجنبي، والقدرة على تحقيق نمو اقتصادي مستدام. هنا مناقشة قد تكون غريبه نوعا ما ولكن بهدف التشجيع على دراسة الموضوع من جوانب مختلفة

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي في مدينة روصو بموريتانيا، من خلال مسح ميداني شمل 1500 أسرة باستخدام العينة العشوائية الطبقية. أظهرت النتائج أن المدينة تواجه تحديات في توزيع الدخل، ضعف الفرص الاقتصادية، وتفاوت الخدمات الأساسية. وتؤكد الدراسة على أهمية تبني سياسات تنموية فعالة تعزز من مستوى المعيشة لسكان المدينة.

صناعة الحلال تشهد نموًا سريعًا، خاصة مع زيادة عدد المسلمين حول العالم وزيادة الوعي بالمنتجات الحلال بين غير المسلمين أيضًا. كما انها تسهم بشكل كبير في الاقتصاد العالمي، خاصة في دول مثل ماليزيا، إندونيسيا، والإمارات العربية المتحدة. وهناك فرص كبيرة لتسويق المنتجات الحلال في الأسواق غير الإسلامية، خاصة مع زيادة الوعي بالجودة والنظافة.ويمكن أن يكون الذكاء الاصطناعي أداة قوية لتعزيز صناعة المنتجات الحلال، من خلال تحسين الجودة، ضمان الامتثال، وفتح آفاق جديدة للابتكار. ويهدف هذا المقال لالقاء الضوء على مجالات استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي فى صناعة المنتجات الحلال .

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious poultry disease that causes major economic losses worldwide. The disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and early detection and identification of the viral strain is essential. Having knowledge of the NDV strain genotype that circulates in some regions would help in designing an effective vaccine to control the disease. In this regard, there is little information on NDV strain in chickens in mid Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect and characterize NDV strain genotype from chickens in mid-Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia and test whether this NDV strain genotype matches the vaccine strain currently used in the study area. Methods: A total of 98 samples: 78 (tracheal and cloacal) swabs from chicken pools of five and 20 tissue samples were collected. To detect NDV strain, conserved region of the virus Matrix (M) gene was amplified by qRT-PCR. To characterize NDV strain genotypes, M-gene positive samples were specifically re-amplified by conventional PCR targeting the Fusion (F) gene region and sequenced by Sanger method. Results: 13.26% of tested samples were positive for NDV strain in the study area with statistically significant difference (P<0.05) among the study sites. Further characterization of the F genes from NDV strain isolates by phylogenetic analysis indicated that one field isolate clustered with genotype VII whereas three of the isolates clustered to genotype I, II, and III. The isolate of the current NDV strain vaccine in use in the study area clustered with genotype II. The current study indicates the existence of different NDV strain genotype from that of the vaccine strain currently used. Even though large-scale characterization of several isolates is required at national level, the current study laid baseline information for the existence of variations between field NDV strain genotype and vaccine strain currently used against ND in the country.

Background: The Government of Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, in Indonesia, made Bali cattle a leading livestock commodity. The problem faced by farmers is the slow increase in population, which is caused by reproduction disorders. Mapping of animal diseases can be used as a guide in determining the location of cattle farming development. This study aims to determine the spread of infectious diseases found in Bali cattle in the Muna Regency. A total of 27 blood samples were obtained from the jugular veins of the cattle in Muna Regency in 9 sub-districts, that were suspected to have an infectious disease. Methods: The samples were then tested using the ELISA method for Septicaemia epizootica, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Trypanosomiasis, while the test for Brucellosis was conducted in parallel between RBT and CFT. Result: Brucellosis and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis were absent, however, the prevalence of Septicaemia epizootica disease was in all regions. Try...

El Programa Integrando Conocimientos (PIC) que el Plan Agropecuario ha organizado desde hace algunos años promueve una discusión permanente acerca de cuál es el “buen conocimiento” ganadero, dónde se origina, cómo evoluciona, cómo se gana y se pierde, con la esperanza de mejorar la gestión de las explotaciones ganaderas. Los que peinamos canas hemos asistido a numerosas discusiones acerca de cómo es deseable que funcionen y actúen las instituciones de “extensión” que se relacionan con el sector ganadero.

Smallholders can capture opportunities presented by increasing demands for livestock products due to growing populations, incomes and urbanisation. This is only feasible if smallholders remain competitive. The dominance of smallholders among livestock producers, supplying at least half of total supply of livestock products in our target regions, is strong. This is particularly true in ruminant production (beef, small ruminants and milk) and remains the case in developing country pig and poultry (see Figure 1).

Aim: Metabolic illnesses such as milk fever and ketosis in dairy cattle significantly impact productivity and production efficiency, thereby hindering farmers' ability to enhance their income. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the financial implications of metabolic disorders in dairy cattle, providing critical insights into their economic burden on dairy farming systems.

Peternak usaha sapi potong di Kabupaten Grobogan banyak memelihara sapi sebagai usaha sampingan. Permasalahan yang terdapat dalam pengembangan usaha sapi potong keterbatasan modal. Tujuan penelitian (i) menganalisis keragaan faktor kredit; (ii) menganalisis kemampuan anggota Kelompok Tani Ternak dalam memenuhi kewajiban pengembalian kredit; (iii) menganalisis pengaruh faktor-faktor kredit terhadap tingkat pengembalian kredit. Penelitian menggunakan metode survai.Rasio rata-rata tingkat pengembalian kredit dari 100 responden anggota Kelompok Tani Ternak penerima kredit ketahanan pangan dan energi adalah 1.1586. Rasio tersebut diperoleh dari perhitungan rata-rata pokok kredit dan bunga yang telah dibayar (Rp. 30.748.073,00) dengan rata-rata pokok kredit dan bunga yang seharusnya dibayar (Rp. 26.635.545,00). Hasil persamaan regresi menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan (X3), jumlah ternak (X4) dan lama beternak (X5) berpengaruh terhadap tingkat pengembalian kredit. Sedangkan pokok kredit (X1), ...

Animal biotechnology has been practiced in one form or another since the beginning of the domestication of animals. Many of the previously used tools of animal breeding, genetics and nutrition have played an important role in the selection, propagation and management of desirable and economically important characteristics in livestock. Modern livestock production has been dependent on biotechnology for development of improved feedstuffs, feed ingredients, vaccines, biologicals, enzymes, high quality ...

Although organic meat production is only a small proportion of the total meat production in EU, it is increasing in size to take demands of certain market segments into account. The current Lithuanian production systems for pig meat are optimized for high production and uniform product quality. However, to adapt to sustainability goals concerning animal welfare and environment impact and to improve the competitiveness of Lithuanian meat, the conventional systems must be continuously evaluated. This study concerns scientific studies results comparing indoor and outdoor pig finishing systems. There are some real differences in pork quality noted in the literature. However, differences in pork quality vary among the different environments that were investigated. Consumer perception is such that when they enter a retail environment they are willing to buy pork products with social assurances.

Background: Brucellosis, especially if caused by Brucella melitensis, remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually. In Iran, brucellosis was first recognized in 1932 and control of small ruminant brucellosis began in 1963. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the National Sheep and Goat Brucellosis Control Program in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from Iran Veterinary Organization over a period of 45 years. The national control program was based on kid and lamb vaccination and testing and slaughtering infected animals. Results: B.melitensis biotype I in sheep, goat, and man was the predominant local infective biotype. This disease was reported in sheep, goat, cattle, horse, camel, and human. In addition, the prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis was estimated around 2.1%. Conclusion: Prevention of brucellosis is dependent upon increasing public awareness of ranchers through health education programs and more active co-operation between health and veterinary medicine organizations as well as animal movement control in the borders.

Bluetongue is an International Office of Epizogtics List A disease described as the century's most economically devastating affliction of sheep. Bluetongue (BLU) viruses were thought to infect only ruminants, shrews, and some rodents, but recently, inadvertent administration of BLU virusâ€"contaminated vaccine resulted in mortality and abortion among domestic dogs. We present evidence of natural BLU virus infection among African carnivores that dramatically widens the spectrum of susceptible hosts. We hypoth esize that such infection occurred after ingestion of meat and organs from BLU virus infected prey species. The effect of BLU virus on endangered carnivores such as the cheetah and African wild dog requires urgent investigation. Also, the role of carnivores in the epizootiology of this disease needs elucidation.

In this study, the authors take the theme of food such as meat gelonggongan control the circulation in the perspective of consumer protection laws. This is motivated because of widespread circulation of meat gelonggongan plaguing the society and harm consumers. Consumers need to be protected from the dangers that may threaten his life. Factors low consumer awareness of food quality and safety that make consumers often harmed. Consumers are often not aware that the goods they buy do not fit because of the quality of businesses that do not provide information on the merchandise. The approach used is to approach the law (statute approach). The primary legal materials that legal materials consisting of legislation based on the hierarchy of legislation. The technique used to search the legal material in a way through library research (library research) which consists of the study of the documentation and study of literature obtained by collecting legal material derived from literature, books, legislation dealing with this legal research. Mechanical analysis of legal materials used are grammatical interpretation which is the way of interpretation or explanation of the simplest to determine the meaning of a statutory provision to parse the language, wording, or sound.

The first complaint of the Sewing-Room managers when inquired about the challenges they face is the "absenteeism" in the factory. While it is true that absenteeism is counterproductive to any institution, the damage it does in the Sri Lanka's garment manufacturing business is enormous and disproportionate to absenteeism. If the efficiency at total attendance is 60%, the efficiency at 90% attendance is 40%. A reduction of 10% in manpower would reduce efficiency by one third. In a majority, if not all of the factories, the attendance is at its peak on the salary day. Does that mean that it is the most efficient one day of the month? A pilot study showed that the highest production is not on the salary day although the attendance is at peak on that day.

A fauna e um agente que nao pode ser ignorado na gestao de recursos naturais renovaveis. Alem de sua importância direta na conservacao dos ecossistemas, o desenvolvimento do potencial economico das especies silvestres pode viabilizar, em curto prazo, a conservacao de tais organismos tambem de ecossistemas. Este estudo descreve caracteristicas fisicas da carne de queixa das (Tayassu pecari) produzidas em cativeiro. Quinze animais (seis machos e nove femeas) criados no municipio de Mineiros-GO foram abatidos em frigorifico de Formosa-GO, em novembro de 2007. Os parâmetros considerados foram: queda do pH 24h apos o abate, perdas por cozimento (PPC) e capacidade de retencao de agua (CRA) do musculo Longissimus dorsi. O pH medio foi de 6,20, as perdas por cozimento foram em media de 21,57 % e a capacidade de retencao de agua media foi de 68,80 %. Nao houve diferenca entre sexos. Os resultados demonstram que a carne de queixada oriunda de cativeiro apresenta valores semelhantes aos de out...

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The study was carried out at two council wards each in Logo and Tarka local government areas of Benue State, Nigeria. The study was designed to investigate qualitative traits variation and distribution within and between populations of the savannah muturu herds on free range under rural farmers. There were coat color variations of solid black, solid brown, dominating black with irregular distribution of white patches, dominating brown with irregular distribution of black and white patches, dominating white with irregular distribution of black patches, coat colors of irregular black and white patches of uneven distributions, restricted color patterns of black and white, brown and white, and white and black. There was wide deviation from reported coat color patterns of the savannah muturu of multiple coloration, ebony, faun, white and black patches of equal dimensions and uniform distribution over the entire body. It was evidenced that the coat color genes of the savannah muturu cattl...

World agriculture is based on a small number of animal species and a decreasing number of breeds within each species. Several breeds of West African shorthorn cattle (Bos taurus brachyceros) are now at high risk of extinction due to interbreeding. The West African shorthorn breeds are particularly important resources because of their superior abilities to resist diseases, particularly trypanosomiases, and be productive under high humidity, heat stress, water restriction and with poor quality feed. A study was undertaken in the derived savanna area of southwest Nigeria to determine the prospects for conservation through use and possible improvement of the Muturu, a West African shorthorn breed known to be in decline throughout southern Nigeria. An analysis of farmers' breeding practices and breed preferences confirmed a strong trend away from Muturu, and identified the traits farmers find least desirable about the Muturu relative to other breeds. An analysis of cattle market prices found small, but significant, price differences by breed. The best hopes for increased utilization likely in other areas of West Africa, such as southeast Nigeria, where the Muturu is better suited to the farming systems and there is a large market for this breed to provide incentives.

Agriculture plays a very important role in the Mozambican economy as a source of food and income, about 70% of the population practices it, due to the seasonality that agriculture suffers, it puts a large part of the population in a situation of food insecurity, so it is estimated that more than half of Mozambican households are affected by food insecurity. and this seasonality and low production end up putting about 30% of families in poverty or on the limit of food diversification and 80% of families are unable to have adequate food. The present study aimed to analyze the current situation of food and nutritional (in)security in rural communities in the district of Massingir, province of Gaza. Data collection was carried out through dietary and demographic surveys in the rural communities of Chitar, Década da Victoria, Timondzuene, Matxinguetxingue and Banga, where home visits were carried out to 490 households. For the assessment of food (in)security; the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) was used and the work data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS v2. The research showed that a large part of the population (84.5%) of the rural communities of Massingir is in a situation of severe food insecurity, due to lack of access and availability of food, which is not physically or economically accessible, 4.3 % are in a state of moderate food insecurity, 8.4% in mild food insecurity and only 3.3% in a state of food and nutritional security, 81.7% of households spend less than 5 thousand meticais on food. KEY WORDS Access to food, food availability, rural community, household, food consumption, food insecurity. Food and nutrition security (FNS) is the realization of everyone's right to regular and permanent access to quality food, in sufficient quantity, without compromising access to other essential needs, based on health-promoting food practices that respect diversity, and are environmentally, economically and socially sustainable". This means that every human being must have access to safe and nutritious food, regardless of race, religion, sex or region (Torres, 2001). As refers Abreu (2001), food security exists when people have permanent physical and economic access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food to satisfy their dietary needs and food preferences in order to lead an active and healthy life. Menezes (2011) mentioned that food and nutrition security is based on several pillars, and it is very important to understand what these pillars mean, as they must all be attended to simultaneously in order to achieve a situation of "security" on the part of families with regard to food and nutrition. These dimensions are as follows: Availability and production; Access; Consumption and use and Stability. Availability refers to the existence of a sufficient quantity of food, of adequate quality, to meet the consumption needs of the population and that are provided through domestic production or import (including food aid), to estimate availability, it is necessary to take into account consideration of post-harvest losses and food exports (LEÃO, 2011). Access, according to FAO (2004), refers to the ability of individuals to acquire food in quantity and quality and a nutritious diet through adequate resources. The impossibility of access to food can be economic, when families have sufficient economic resources to meet their basic food needs, without prejudice to the satisfaction of

Delegates meeting in August 2019, an updated Pet Health Insurance Policy was adopted. This policy added 16 words to the existing policy: “...and encourages veterinary healthcare teams to proactively educate their clients about the existence of such resources.” Since the release of this updated policy, there has been much consternation among veterinary professionals about the wisdom in talking to clients about pet health insurance. Often overlooked or misunderstood is the impact of the increasing cost of veterinary care on clients and veterinary team members.

Esta revisión busca ilustrar a los médicos veterinarios sobre los adelantos logrados en el conocimiento de la epizootiología de babesiosis y anaplasmosis y en la forma de integrarla a los planes racionales de control de la garrapata. Para babesiosis se discute el término de “estabilidad enzoótica” y los modelos matemáticos desarrollados por los epidemiólogos australianos para prever las probabilidades de ocurrencia de la enfermedad clínica bajo condiciones ambientales enfatizando sobre los métodos para la determinar la tasa de inoculación de Babesia. Se revisan los últimos adelantos en la epizootiología de anaplasmosis y la validez del concepto de “estabilidad enzoótica” para esta entidad. Conociendo el estado epizootiológico de la anaplasmosis y babesiosis en el país, será posible determinar racionalmente el grado de intensidad requerido en el control de garrapatas, para mantener sanos a los animales.

This study was carried out with three purposes. The first purpose included a description of socioeconomic features of vegetable marketers in the study area; the second described the marketing channel; and the third determined their marketing margin. Multi-stage sampling method was adopted for the study. In the first stage, three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were randomly selected from the five LGAs. In the second stage, two communities were selected from each of the LGAs. In the third stage, three markets were randomly selected from a list of major markets which are situated in the communities previously selected. In the fourth stage, twenty tropical vegetable marketers (made up of 40 Ugu marketers and 40 Okra marketers) were randomly selected from each of the markets. This gave a total sample size of 80 respondents for the study. Most of the vegetable wholesalers and retailers interviewed were females indicating that these were doing active marketing of vegetables in Abia State. A...

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious poultry disease that causes major economic losses worldwide. The disease is caused by Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and early detection and identification of the viral strain is essential. Having knowledge of the NDV strain genotype that circulates in some regions would help in designing an effective vaccine to control the disease. In this regard, there is little information on NDV strain in chickens in mid Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect and characterize NDV strain genotype from chickens in mid-Rift Valley and the central part of Ethiopia and test whether this NDV strain genotype matches the vaccine strain currently used in the study area. Methods: A total of 98 samples: 78 (tracheal and cloacal) swabs from chicken pools of five and 20 tissue samples were collected. To detect NDV strain, conserved region of the virus Matrix (M) gene was amplified by qRT-PCR. To characterize NDV strain genotypes, M-gene positive samples were specifically re-amplified by conventional PCR targeting the Fusion (F) gene region and sequenced by Sanger method. Results: 13.26% of tested samples were positive for NDV strain in the study area with statistically significant difference (P<0.05) among the study sites. Further characterization of the F genes from NDV strain isolates by phylogenetic analysis indicated that one field isolate clustered with genotype VII whereas three of the isolates clustered to genotype I, II, and III. The isolate of the current NDV strain vaccine in use in the study area clustered with genotype II. Conclusion: The current study indicates the existence of different NDV strain genotype from that of the vaccine strain currently used. Even though large-scale characterization of several isolates is required at national level, the current study laid baseline information for the existence of variations between field NDV strain genotype and vaccine strain currently used against ND in the country.

Understanding clients&#39; wants and needs is vital to the sustained success of any service business, and veterinary medicine offers no exception. The Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at the Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine (MSU-CVM) has successfully maintained a position at the forefront of the veterinary profession throughout most of its history. The staff has consistently been composed of clinicians who have been chosen because of their excellence and expertise. However, the assumption that emphasis on clinical excellence will, by itself, provide the foundation for sustained success in the client flow and business at the hospital has been unchallenged to date. In order to provide the best possible customer service, our clients&#39; likes, dislikes, wants, and needs must be fully characterized and quantified. To assess client satisfaction with the VTH, a study was designed whose objective was to identify the areas in the VTH that are most valued and highl...

Coat colour in cattle is a complex trait that is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. This study was carried out in Ebonyi and Kogi States of Nigeria. Ranched animals were used for the study. A total of one hundred and fifty-two (152) consisting of 76 each of Muturu and Bunaji cattle breeds were used for the study. Data collected from the study were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The frequency and distribution of different coat colours in the cattle breeds indicated that the Bunaji breed has a higher frequency of PWT coat colour (88.20%) than the Muturu breed (0.00%). The frequency of other coat colours such as WSB, SBK and BWP is also different between the two breeds. The frequency of WSB coat colour in the Muturu breed is 5.30%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 9.20%. The frequency of SBK coat colour in the Muturu breed is 63.20%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 0.00%. The frequency of BSW coat colour in the Muturu breed is 7.90%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%. The frequency of BWP coat colour in the Muturu breed is 0.00%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%.

Coat colour in cattle is a complex trait that is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. This study was carried out in Ebonyi and Kogi States of Nigeria. Ranched animals were used for the study. A total of one hundred and fifty-two (152) consisting of 76 each of Muturu and Bunaji cattle breeds were used for the study. Data collected from the study were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The frequency and distribution of different coat colours in the cattle breeds indicated that the Bunaji breed has a higher frequency of PWT coat colour (88.20%) than the Muturu breed (0.00%). The frequency of other coat colours such as WSB, SBK and BWP is also different between the two breeds. The frequency of WSB coat colour in the Muturu breed is 5.30%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 9.20%. The frequency of SBK coat colour in the Muturu breed is 63.20%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 0.00%. The frequency of BSW coat colour in the Muturu breed is 7.90%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%. The frequency of BWP coat colour in the Muturu breed is 0.00%, while in the Bunaji breed, is 1.30%.

Access to international and regional markets for beef has been an ongoing problem for southern African countries for many decades because the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) viruses are endemic to wildlife populations in the southern African region. This makes establishment of FMD-free zones, essential for accessing high-value beef markets difficult, expensive and impractical for many locations in southern Africa. For that reason commercialization of livestock production in the region has been inhibited. The creation of FMD-free zones which requires use of artificial or natural boundaries and in southern Africa it has been the construction of veterinary cordon fences (VCFs) to separate animal populations of different FMD status which has proven successful in some countries (such as Botswana, Namibia & South Africa) but not in others for a variety of reasons, i.e. the current 'model' has only been possible for a small proportion of cattle producers in southern Africa. This means that apart from the damaging effects that some VCFs have had or have on the environment generally and wildlife conservation in particular, only roughly 15% of the cattle population in the mainland countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are raised in FMD-free zones. For balanced rural development of the SADC Region, where cattle are culturally and economically vital to the indigenous inhabitants and wildlife conservation and associated economic activities are important contributors to regional gross domestic product, it is essential to improve access to regional and international markets for beef and other animal products produced in locations outside FMD-free zones. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has introduced a partially non-geographic FMD standard for trade in deboned beef (viz. Terrestrial Animal Health Code Article 8.8.22) that potentially overcomes this problem; however, Article 8.8.22 contains at least one 'killer' requirement that makes its implementation impossible. The issues associated with this problem have been identified in this study and possible solutions proposed. vi An attempt was made to gauge acceptance by SADC Member States but the responses to the questionnaire used were inadequate to reach a reliable conclusion in this respect. It was concluded that taking technical, logistical and financial constraints into account, non-geographic approaches represent the best opportunity that SADC countries have of expanding access to regional and international markets. Moreover, it is suggested that non-geographic approaches could be integrated into the Standard Methods and Procedures in Animal Health (SMP-AH) Programme once adopted by SADC, thereby strengthening the capacity of the Region's competent authorities. SMP-AH Programme is at a proposal stage and has not been officially launched in SADC. The SMP-AH Programme proposes to harmonize activities of animal health authorities of SADC Member States in respect of selected diseases that impact trade and/or human health. vii List of Acronyms ADB African Development Bank ALOP Appropriate level of protection ASF African swine fever x Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements i Dedication ii Declaration iii Abstract v List of Acronyms vii List of figures and tables ix 1. Introduction 1.1. Analysis of the concepts (geographic vs non-geographic approaches) 1.2. Beef production in SADC Region & trade flows 1.3. Need for correction of current beef production and trade trends 1.4. Regional initiatives on beef trade in SADC 2. Hypothesis 3. Objectives 4. Methodology 4.1. Study Area 4.2. Data collection 4.3. Questionnaire design and distribution 4.4. Data Analysis 5. Results 5.1. Socioeconomic and environmental disparities generated by international trade standards that impact on beef trade 5.2 The current regional FMD situation & consequences 5.3 The current international trading system 21 5.3.1 International standards and bodies that set the standards 5.3.2 Equivalence and its possible application in the SADC Region to facilitate improved market access for beef 1.4 New opportunities based on equivalence 23 5.4.1 Articles 8.7.25advantages & disadvantages 23 5.4.2 Compartmentalizationadvantages & disadvantages 27 5.4.3 Value chain systemsadvantages & disadvantages 28 5.4.4 Standard Methods and Procedures in Animal Health Programme 29 6.1 Profile of respondents and Questionnaire results and analysis 31 6. Discussion 7.1 Feasibility of implementing non-geographic approaches 31 a. Conclusion b. Recommendations to SADC Secretariat and OIE 8.1 Adoption of SMP-AH Programme as a SADC regional strategy 34 8.2 Recommended changes to Article 8.8.22 34 c. References d.

The study was undertaken to analyse the socio-economic status of dairy farmers in Tamil Nadu. Primary data were collected from two districts with the help of a structured interview schedule by personally interviewing the farmers during the year 2022-2023 and chi-square test was used to draw significant conclusions regarding the socioeconomic profile of respondents. Most of the dairy farmers in the study area were small, rearing 2-8 breedable bovine and having average herd size of five animals. The socio-economic profile of dairy farmers in the study area shows that majority of farmers were middle-aged (59%), having educational qualification up to primary level (39.5%) with medium-sized family. Most of them had marginal landholdings (64.5%) and 57% of respondents rely on agriculture as main occupation and livestock as subsidiary occupation. Most of the farmers belonged to OBC (81%) and followed Hinduism (75.5%). Further, the study revealed that majority of respondents belonged to low annual income group.

The liberalization of clinical veterinary services in Kenya introduced new service providers into the animal health service sector. This study examines the perceptions of livestock farmers regarding these service providers and analyses the factors that influence their choice of alternative service providers in Kakamega County. The empirical analysis shows that private animal health assistants were perceived to provide better services than alternative providers because they are more accessible and offer services on credit. Results from a multinomial logit model reveal that more educated, wealthier, and older farmers are more likely to use government services. The study concludes that it is imperative to better target the poor and to integrate private service providers into government animal health programs.

Knowledge Center for Agriculture in Denmark-owned by the farmer's organizations-has a long tradition for developing and operating a central cattle database. The central cattle database has over the years been growing with more and more data in all different areas for breeding evaluation, for feeding management, for production management and for documentation of the production. In the nineties agreement was made with the authorities that the central cattle database should deliver the mandatory cattle data to the authorities database The result is that today there is one central database with all cattle data. There is high degree of validation. Data are delivered from very many sources around the dairy production; farmer, veterinarians, advisory services, milk recording, AI technician, other services, Dairies, Slaughter houses etc. Health data can be recorded by the farmer, by the Veterinarian and others with special obligations concerning health topics on the cattle farm. Due to the regulation about medicine usage there has to be clinical symptoms registered, to do the treatment. This gives a high rate of registration of diseases and health traits on dairy cows. Claw health has over the last years got a high focus in Denmark, but there has been a leach of registrations in that area. To improve that a tool do registration during claw trimming has been developed. The tool is today used by 60% of the claw trimmers, and has increased the registration dramatically for the benefit of breeding evaluation and production management. All in all it gives us a very solid basic of data within the health area with a high registration rate and high data security, and data that can be combined with other data for breeding and production management Data recording in central data systems in Dairy Production in Denmark started almost 50 years back in connection with milk recording. It started with a lot of manually recording involving a lot of man power. Increasing requests for data for breeding evaluation and later management purposes increased the data that got recorded. Over the years the amount has increased dramatically to a very complete system.

The current piece of research is an attempt to isolate spatial from a-spatial components of housing attributes, using kriging techniques. The hedonic approach, on which is based this investigation, is applied to the bungalow (single-story, detached house) segment of the Quebec Urban Community (QUC) residential market. Some 3 638 properties transacted over the 1990-91 period (24 months) are considered in the analysis.

Research aims to determine if certain modifications can improve the quality of litter and the growth and health of broiler chickens. The trial used various litter improvement agents selected for their antibacterial properties, moisture absorption, and ability to create a favourable environment for broilers. The study found that broilers raised on treated and reused litter performed considerably better than those raised on untreated litter. These additives reduced microbiological contamination and increased litter absorption, creating a cleaner environment for the broilers. Improved litter conditions also improved broiler development, feed efficiency, and health. Adding specific components to recycled litter may enhance broiler productivity. This benefits the poultry industry by providing a cost-effective and ecologically friendly way to maximise the use of aged and utilised litter and improve broiler performance. The research indicates that litter control is crucial for sustainable poultry production and the health and performance of broiler chickens.

Agricultural land in Asia represents 35% of the world's agricultural land and the population devoted to farming represents 73% of the world's total. Asia also contains significant proportions of the world's cattle, small ruminants, pigs, chickens, ducks and buffaloes. Asia contains many countries with high economic growth rates, declining rates of population increase and rapidly increasing demand for animal products. It also contains some countries, mainly in South Asia, whose economies are growing at negligible rates, have high population growth rates and which present a different set of challenges to the livestock industries. In all countries of the region the population is becoming more urbanised with some now exceeding 50% from an average value of around 35% 25 years ago. This Discussion Paper examines these trends in selected countries in South and SouthEast Asia (regions that differ significantly in their ecoregional, cultural and economic indicators), analyses future scenarios in relation to demands for livestock products and the likely sources for increased supply, and recommends strategic research activities for the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in the region. It also indicates options for how these activities might be conducted. The per capita consumption of ruminant and non-ruminant meats has generally been increasing, with the consumption of non-ruminant meats showing faster growth rates, especially in the wealthier economies of SouthEast Asia. Meat from small ruminants forms 17-27% of all meat eaten in South Asia but makes little contribution to the diet in SouthEast Asia. Meat from large ruminants is the most variable (2% in Malaysia to 60-70% in India and Sri Lanka). Pork as a proportion of all meat eaten is highest in China, Indo-China and the Philippines and poultry forms 73, 56 and 37% of the meat diets in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, respectively. The demand for ruminant meat is increasing in most of Asia and will be the most difficult to satisfy with current practices. Numbers of buffalo are decreasing in countries like Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, where, amongst a variety of factors impacting on slaughter rates, mechanisation is replacing their traditional use for draft. Numbers are increasing in India and Pakistan where they remain important producers of milk. The data indicate that sheep populations in Thailand and Malaysia are increasing rapidly, albeit from very low bases. The reasons for, and the consistency of, these trends are unclear. In Sri Lanka the populations of both large and small ruminants are declining but the reasons for this are obscure. The pattern of livestock numbers and production reflects the cultural, economic, ecological and climatic differences within the region. Some countries of the region are net importers of ruminant meat, e.g. Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines while India is a net exporter. Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and China are amongst the net exporters of non-ruminant meat. This production and trade situation, coupled with the shortage of land and feed resources in some countries, is reflected in their demands for coarse grains, an effect that will become more pronounced in the next decade. The predicted economic growth of China will have a significant impact on the world trade in grains and it will be particularly marked in the Asian region. The growth rates in annual milk production vary widely in the region from 20% for Thailand to about 1% for the Philippines. India and Pakistan are self-sufficient in milk, with buffaloes contributing a high proportion (47 and 73%, respectively) of the total consumption. Thailand, Indonesia and Bangladesh are moving towards self-sufficiency in the next decade or so, but for the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia, demand will continue to outstrip supply and the gap between the demand and the supply will widen. Projections indicate that by 2010, some of the countries that are currently exporters of ruminant meat will drift back to self-sufficiency, e.g. India, and amongst those countries where the demand for ruminant meat is projected to be high, e.g. Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia, there will be greater reliance on importation of beef and live cattle from inside (Australia and New Zealand) and outside the region (the Americas and perhaps southern Africa). A number of countries in the region including India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam are projected to be self-sufficient for non-ruminant meat. Pakistan is forecast to be a significant net importer of non-ruminant meat. These projections can be distorted by the political environment and policy decisions. Nevertheless the implications on intra-and interregional trade are considerable. ILRI's mandate is primarily concerned with ruminants but in the SouthEast Asian context the opportunities for improvements in non-ruminant production, particularly pigs and poultry (village chickens, ducks and geese) have special significance in mixed farming systems, i.e. mixtures of livestock and crops, perhaps including fish. ILRI's awareness of these opportunities and its ability to capitalise on them will increase as its analysis of the important systems progresses. Four broadly defined production systems will be called upon in the next decade to contribute most to the increases in production of ruminant and non-ruminant products that are necessary to (i) keep pace with the human population increases and (ii) to meet the increased demand associated with the enhanced economic status of a higher proportion of the population. These are the mixed livestock-cropping systems in the rainfed and irrigated areas of the following ecoregional zones-arid, semi-arid, and humid and subhumid regions. The Steering Committee recognised the differences in needs associated with the scale of operation associated with the production system, e.g. village-based 'backyard' operators, village-based smallholder systems and commercial-type operations. ILRI's prime target is to assist village-based smallholder systems in the transition towards more efficient, minimal risk and sustainable enterprises with a more commercial outlook. Despite its focus on the above systems in the tropics and subtropics, some of the problems of the region are associated with grazing systems in the dry mountainous regions, e.g. Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. ILRI's African experience could warrant a minor input into any policy analysis of these issues. Research and development needs for Asian livestock have been identified in country consultations conducted by ILRI in South and SouthEast Asia. They are driven by the projected supply and demand for products, the species that can provide them and the systems most capable of responding to the improvements in technology that will be forthcoming. The annual and seasonal variations in the quantity and quality of the feed supply are the major constraints to productivity improvement but the impact of health issues, genetic improvement and how these three components are assembled and integrated in particular systems and situations are prime areas for research. Changes towards higher levels of productivity and higher inputs will have significant impact on the environment. New technologies have to be thoroughly evaluated for their potential positive and negative effects on the environment and the natural resource base. Infrastructural inadequacies and the need for sound policy analyses are also important; their relativity and potential synergies changing with circumstances, production system and level of development. Appendix II identifies the needs and indicates the ways in which ILRI, utilising its existing strengths and its comparative advantage, should invest in Asian livestock research. Appendix II also illustrates the synergies and complementarities with NARS and other players. The appendix incorporates the recommendations by the Steering Committee and the Working Group as to how ILRI could conduct its research in South and SouthEast Asia. It recommends using cooperative , joint venture structures with leading NARS institutions, advanced research institutions (ARIs), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (on a project-by-project basis) and extensive networking that will capitalise on the capacities of the Asian livestock research institutions. ILRI should move quickly to establish and advertise its presence in Asia. 'It has been estimated that within 40 years Asia will represent the major share of the wealth of this world and will be richer than North America and Europe put together. Food requirements will not include more rice or cassava, but products such as wheat, meat, dairy produce, fruit and vegetables as a result of increases in income.' Professor Derek Tribe in an address to 'Future of Agriculture', a seminar organised by NSW Royal Agricultural Society in 1993 ILRI priorities ILRI has endorsed the seven priority research areas for animal research identified by TAC. Three of the seven, animal health, animal genetics and nutrition, are considered global in orientation, while the other four, feed resources, production systems, natural resource management and farming systems (socio-economic analysis), have an ecoregional orientation. The discussion paper will assess the relevance of these broad areas of research to the Asian situation, and, in light of the predicted economic and social trends, identify specific problems, needs and ways of operating, where activities will be of maximum benefit.

Agricultural land in Asia represents 35% of the world's agricultural land and the population devoted to farming represents 73% of the world's total. Asia also contains significant proportions of the world's cattle, small ruminants, pigs, chickens, ducks and buffaloes. Asia contains many countries with high economic growth rates, declining rates of population increase and rapidly increasing demand for animal products. It also contains some countries, mainly in South Asia, whose economies are growing at negligible rates, have high population growth rates and which present a different set of challenges to the livestock industries. In all countries of the region the population is becoming more urbanised with some now exceeding 50% from an average value of around 35% 25 years ago. This Discussion Paper examines these trends in selected countries in South and SouthEast Asia (regions that differ significantly in their ecoregional, cultural and economic indicators), analyses future scenarios in relation to demands for livestock products and the likely sources for increased supply, and recommends strategic research activities for the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in the region. It also indicates options for how these activities might be conducted. The per capita consumption of ruminant and non-ruminant meats has generally been increasing, with the consumption of non-ruminant meats showing faster growth rates, especially in the wealthier economies of SouthEast Asia. Meat from small ruminants forms 17-27% of all meat eaten in South Asia but makes little contribution to the diet in SouthEast Asia. Meat from large ruminants is the most variable (2% in Malaysia to 60-70% in India and Sri Lanka). Pork as a proportion of all meat eaten is highest in China, Indo-China and the Philippines and poultry forms 73, 56 and 37% of the meat diets in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, respectively. The demand for ruminant meat is increasing in most of Asia and will be the most difficult to satisfy with current practices. Numbers of buffalo are decreasing in countries like Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, where, amongst a variety of factors impacting on slaughter rates, mechanisation is replacing their traditional use for draft. Numbers are increasing in India and Pakistan where they remain important producers of milk. The data indicate that sheep populations in Thailand and Malaysia are increasing rapidly, albeit from very low bases. The reasons for, and the consistency of, these trends are unclear. In Sri Lanka the populations of both large and small ruminants are declining but the reasons for this are obscure. The pattern of livestock numbers and production reflects the cultural, economic, ecological and climatic differences within the region. Some countries of the region are net importers of ruminant meat, e.g. Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines while India is a net exporter. Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and China are amongst the net exporters of non-ruminant meat. This production and trade situation, coupled with the shortage of land and feed resources in some countries, is reflected in their demands for coarse grains, an effect that will become more pronounced in the next decade. The predicted economic growth of China will have a significant impact on the world trade in grains and it will be particularly marked in the Asian region. The growth rates in annual milk production vary widely in the region from 20% for Thailand to about 1% for the Philippines. India and Pakistan are self-sufficient in milk, with buffaloes contributing a high proportion (47 and 73%, respectively) of the total consumption. Thailand, Indonesia and Bangladesh are moving towards self-sufficiency in the next decade or so, but for the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia, demand will continue to outstrip supply and the gap between the demand and the supply will widen. Projections indicate that by 2010, some of the countries that are currently exporters of ruminant meat will drift back to self-sufficiency, e.g. India, and amongst those countries where the demand for ruminant meat is projected to be high, e.g. Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia, there will be greater reliance on importation of beef and live cattle from inside (Australia and New Zealand) and outside the region (the Americas and perhaps southern Africa). A number of countries in the region including India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam are projected to be self-sufficient for non-ruminant meat. Pakistan is forecast to be a significant net importer of non-ruminant meat. These projections can be distorted by the political environment and policy decisions. Nevertheless the implications on intra-and interregional trade are considerable. ILRI's mandate is primarily concerned with ruminants but in the SouthEast Asian context the opportunities for improvements in non-ruminant production, particularly pigs and poultry (village chickens, ducks and geese) have special significance in mixed farming systems, i.e. mixtures of livestock and crops, perhaps including fish. ILRI's awareness of these opportunities and its ability to capitalise on them will increase as its analysis of the important systems progresses. Four broadly defined production systems will be called upon in the next decade to contribute most to the increases in production of ruminant and non-ruminant products that are necessary to (i) keep pace with the human population increases and (ii) to meet the increased demand associated with the enhanced economic status of a higher proportion of the population. These are the mixed livestock-cropping systems in the rainfed and irrigated areas of the following ecoregional zones-arid, semi-arid, and humid and subhumid regions. The Steering Committee recognised the differences in needs associated with the scale of operation associated with the production system, e.g. village-based 'backyard' operators, village-based smallholder systems and commercial-type operations. ILRI's prime target is to assist village-based smallholder systems in the transition towards more efficient, minimal risk and sustainable enterprises with a more commercial outlook. Despite its focus on the above systems in the tropics and subtropics, some of the problems of the region are associated with grazing systems in the dry mountainous regions, e.g. Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. ILRI's African experience could warrant a minor input into any policy analysis of these issues. Research and development needs for Asian livestock have been identified in country consultations conducted by ILRI in South and SouthEast Asia. They are driven by the projected supply and demand for products, the species that can provide them and the systems most capable of responding to the improvements in technology that will be forthcoming. The annual and seasonal variations in the quantity and quality of the feed supply are the major constraints to productivity improvement but the impact of health issues, genetic improvement and how these three components are assembled and integrated in particular systems and situations are prime areas for research. Changes towards higher levels of productivity and higher inputs will have significant impact on the environment. New technologies have to be thoroughly evaluated for their potential positive and negative effects on the environment and the natural resource base. Infrastructural inadequacies and the need for sound policy analyses are also important; their relativity and potential synergies changing with circumstances, production system and level of development. Appendix II identifies the needs and indicates the ways in which ILRI, utilising its existing strengths and its comparative advantage, should invest in Asian livestock research. Appendix II also illustrates the synergies and complementarities with NARS and other players. The appendix incorporates the recommendations by the Steering Committee and the Working Group as to how ILRI could conduct its research in South and SouthEast Asia. It recommends using cooperative , joint venture structures with leading NARS institutions, advanced research institutions (ARIs), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) (on a project-by-project basis) and extensive networking that will capitalise on the capacities of the Asian livestock research institutions. ILRI should move quickly to establish and advertise its presence in Asia. 'It has been estimated that within 40 years Asia will represent the major share of the wealth of this world and will be richer than North America and Europe put together. Food requirements will not include more rice or cassava, but products such as wheat, meat, dairy produce, fruit and vegetables as a result of increases in income.' Professor Derek Tribe in an address to 'Future of Agriculture', a seminar organised by NSW Royal Agricultural Society in 1993 ILRI priorities ILRI has endorsed the seven priority research areas for animal research identified by TAC. Three of the seven, animal health, animal genetics and nutrition, are considered global in orientation, while the other four, feed resources, production systems, natural resource management and farming systems (socio-economic analysis), have an ecoregional orientation. The discussion paper will assess the relevance of these broad areas of research to the Asian situation, and, in light of the predicted economic and social trends, identify specific problems, needs and ways of operating, where activities will be of maximum benefit.

The Constitution of Kenya 2010, Kenya Vision 2030, and many international commitments that Kenya is party to obligate the government to deliver decent, affordable, accessible, and quality housing for all Kenyans. Since independence, many strategies to fast-track housing development have been explored with mixed results. The annual housing demand stands at 250,000 units, with only 50,000 being developed through public and private means, hence a deficit of 200,000 units. Application of public-private partnerships (PPPs) models has been projected as the most appropriate strategy through which affordable housing can be availed in the country. PPPs address the problems related to inadequate capital, expertise, managerial, and technological applications that hinder the effective development of affordable urban housing. The study's main focus was to evaluate the applicability of PPPs in the development of affordable urban housing. The study used the Delphi methodology of investigation, which uses iteration and building consensus to arrive at group decisions. Three Delphi rounds that involved 88 persons in three panels comprised of housing practitioners, housing financiers, and developers. It was found out during the first round that 95.5% of the panelists observed that PPPs can be utilized in the development of affordable urban housing, and 4.5% stated that they believed that PPPs may be inappropriate for the sector. It was also found out that configuring and positioning public and private players' concerns regarding PPP models increases its applicability in the development of affordable urban housing. The main conclusion from the study is that PPP models are appropriate for the development of affordable urban housing.

This article explores the obstacles to obtaining legal rights for animals, both within the animal rights movement and within the broader political context. The author examines in which arena legal change might best be sought-the courts, the legislature, state governments, or the federal government. Finally, it makes a number of suggestions as to what type of laws would be the most successful in advancing the interests of animals.