Agricultural marketing

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Associar a noção de segurança alimentar ao termo de campesinato implica pensar em produzir também para além das famílias camponesas; quer dizer para redistribuir ou para comercializar para a população. Por isso o campesinato "produz para viver e alimentar". Mas como articular uma produção camponesa fundada na reciprocidade com a natureza e na solidariedade entre pares com um mercado nacional e internacional dominado e regulado pela troca mercantil? O artigo propõe, na sua primeira parte, responder a essa questão a partir dos fundamentos da antropologia econômica, mas também mobilizando elementos mais recentes da teoria da reciprocidade. Após Mauss, Polanyi teve um papel essencial com a proposta do conceito de economia substantiva e com a identificação da reciprocidade como modo de regulação da economia ao lado da troca e da redistribuição. A análise antropológica da reciprocidade foi completada nos anos 1990/2000 por Temple prolongando Mauss e Levi-Strauss com a análise das estruturas elementares da reciprocidade. Hoje, essa análise estrutural permite procurar na pesquisa empírica, a natureza dos valores materiais, também aquela dos valores afetivos e éticos produzidos pelas relações de reciprocidade, das quais alguns exemplos no meio camponês brasileiro são apresentados na segunda parte. Na terceira parte pergunto por que se interessar pelas práticas e relações de reciprocidade hoje no século XXI e examino como tais relações de reciprocidade estão presentes em situações mistas, ao lado das relações de troca mercantil.

A study was carried out for two consecutive years (2018-19 and 2019-20) at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture Indore of Madhya Pradesh. Four cropping systems viz. Soybean -Chickpea, Maize-Chickpea, Maize-Sweet corn (Green cob) and Soybean-Onion were sown for the trial. Rabi crops were irrigated through the water stored in farm pond (rainwater harvesting structure). The study reported that during 2018-19, Soybean and maize yield was 1630 kg/ha and 4333 kg/ha respectively whereas in 2019-20 it was 919 kg/ha and 652 kg/ha respectively. Productivity of Kharif crops in second year severely affected due to excess and continue rain fall during crop growth period. Annual rainfall for the years were 756.7mm and 1565.4mm respectively whereas normal annual rainfall is 984mm Water use efficiency of soybean and Maize were 2.62 kg/ha-mm and 7.87 kg/ha-mm respectively during kharif of year 2018-19, whereas next year, WUE of soybean and Maize were 0.64 kg/ha-mm and 0.45kg/ha-mm respectively. On the basis of pooled data of economics of different system, it is clear that Soybean -Onion found the more remunerative as it recorded total net returns Rs. 189161/per hectare with B: C ratio 4.16 whereas, the lowest was recorded with Soybean -Chickpea (Rs. 64551/with B: C ratio 2.8). Yield, WUE and economics of the crops clearly indicate that climate change severely affects the kharif crops but rainwater stored in farm pond can mitigate it in rabi crops.

The complexity of the supply chain plays a crucial role in the fluctuation of market prices in the essential food market. This research focuses on introducing a fully-fledged mobile solution and Web Interface called AgriXpert to the local government and domestic demand to produce all the significant information regarding crops and harvest in various regions. This builds a control mechanism for the market prices of rice/vegetable products. Also, this is an effective solution for pandemic-like situations as it helps to find the areas that have a reasonable harvest to purchase. AgriXpert is aligned with technologies like React Native for the front end and Java, Android, and PHP for the back-end services. Machine Learning algorithm was used for the predictions of market prices of each crop type in different regions. For the transportation cost minimisation in the pickup delivery process, the harvest optimisation model has been utilised here. The pricing model has also been used to monitor the price.

Farmers are at risk of GMO genetic trespass wherever genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are allowed. An 'apartheid' between GM crops and non-GM crops is doomed to fail. The consequence is that GM crops contaminate non-GM crops. GM crops sell at a discount (currently 15%). So, a farmer's crop that is So, a farmer’s crop that is contaminated by GMOs (e.g. from a neighbouring farm) will be downgraded from non-GMO to GMO, or from Certified Organic to GMO. This will result in an economic loss which is borne by the harmed farmer (rather than by the GMO farmer). The premium for non-GMO, or for Certified Organic, will be forfeited in the downgrade. Two case studies are provided (one from Canada, one from Australia) where non-GMO farmers with GMO contaminated crops have sought a legal remedy. These farmers found no remedy for GMO genetic trespass (and BigGMO multinational corporations have deep pockets for winning litigation against ‘Farmer Joe’). The Gene Technology Bill in its current iteration offers no protection to non- GMO farmers against the inevitable genetic trespass by GMOs (were GMOs to be approved for NZ agriculture). In the absence of a pre-emptive solution to the economic harms of GMO genetic trespass to the well being of NZ farmers, the Gene Technology Bill 2024 deserves to be rejected.

Özet: DNA analiziyle kimlik belirlenmesi temel olarak tıp alanında kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiş ve zaman içerisinde hayvan yetiştiriciliği alanında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. DNA analizi hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde Yetiştirme, işleme ve pazarlama aşamalarında kaydedilen bilgilerin doğruluğunun araştırılmasında kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada avrupa birliği tarafından çıkarılan ve 1.1.2000 tarihinden itibaren bütün üye ülkelerde yürürlüğe girecek olan (EG) Nr.820/97 sayılı yasanın gereklerinin yerine getirilebilmesi amacıyla değişik avrupa birliği ülkelerinde geliştirilen kontrol ve denetim sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması ve DNA analizlerinin bu amaçla kullanilabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: DNA analizleri, kimlik kontrolü, Avrupa birliği Anwendbarkeit der DNA-Analyse bei der Identitätskontrolle und neue Verordnung in der EU Zusammenfassung: Die Methode der Identitätskontrolle mit DNA analyze wurde zunächst beim Menschen entwickelt. Bald darauf gab es Bestrebungen, die neue Technik auf Haustiere zu übertragen.

Rice is a staple food consumed by Nigeria's high and low. Rice Prices have experienced strong variations over the last few years, both upwards and downwards. This increased volatility, combined with long-term prospects of rising rice prices due to the rice import ban highlights the necessity to increase the efficiency of the rice supply chain to ensure consumer prices reflect the evolution of inputs prices. This study assesses price transmission along the rice marketing chain in Nigeria. Static and time-varying copula methods were analysed on about 155 weekly price data obtained from different sources. Results suggest a positive link between producer, wholesaler and retailer rice prices. Such positive dependence is characterized by asymmetries during extreme market events that lead price increases to be transferred more completely along the supply chain than price declines. Price transmission asymmetries suggest potential market fragmentation and discrepancies in competition intensity along the chain.

The study focused on describing and analysing the integrated approach to agricultural cooperative marketing in Uganda: the tripartite cooperative model. It was found that structural changes and successful growth have been achieved within the agricultural cooperative marketing system. This model promoted complementarity of services by combining farmers' access to financial services through Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs), and marketing services through Rural Producer Organisations (RPOs) and Area Cooperative Enterprises (ACEs). Results of the study showed that the tripartite cooperative model focused on measures to promote financially autonomous and viable cooperatives, member participation and empowerment. The model has achieved success by linking farmers to profitable markets and granting them access to financial services. The model did, however, face challenges in the form of members no fully participating in cooperative activities and members side-selling.

This study investigates the moisture content for Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)-SB4-4C ("Ashemkungu" or "Shangedubu"), SB9-1A ("Mumuye"), and SB1-1 ("Soyabin")varetes,to enhance post-harvest management and processing practices. Recognized for their nutritional value and adaptability to arid conditions, Bambara groundnuts are underutilized despite their potential to improve food security. Moisture content is a critical factor influencing seed quality, shelf life, and susceptibility to spoilage. Using a standardized oven drying method, moisture content was determined for each variety, revealing SB9-1A had the highest moisture content (5.25 g), followed closely by SB1-1 (5.16 g) and SB4-4C (5.15 g). Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among the varieties, emphasizing the need for tailored post-harvest handling practices. The findings underscore the importance of moisture management in optimizing the quality and marketability of Bambara groundnuts, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and food security. Recommendations include the development of standardized handling protocols, further research on moisture dynamics, and the promotion of Bambara groundnut cultivation to enhance its utilization in food systems.

The sustainability assessment of the tea industry in Tanzania reveals pressing challenges and opportunities within its socioeconomic and environmental frameworks. Despite being a vital cash crop and source of livelihood for over 50,000 smallholder families, Tanzania's tea production lags significantly behind competitors such as Kenya, with only 5.1% of Kenya's production metrics. The study evaluates key factors influencing the industry's sustainability, including social conditions, economic viability, environmental health, and agronomic practices. A purposive sampling technique was used to select key participants with direct involvement and expertise in the tea industry including Estate workers (50); Smallholder farmers (100); and Industry Stakeholders (15) complemented with FGDs (2), in-depth interviews with key institutions, and documentary reviews. The findings highlight systemic issues such as low worker wages, inadequate access to social services, and poor investment in modern agricultural technologies. Environmental concerns, including biodiversity loss, monoculture practices, and insufficient water management, pose further risks to the industry's future. The research concludes with recommendations for interventions that promote economic viability, social equity, and environmental stewardship, underscoring the need for strategic reforms to unlock the sector's full potential and ensure a sustainable future for Tanzanian tea production.

Keywords: Sustainability assessment, Tea industry, Tanzania, Socio-economic factors, Agricultural practices, Environmental challenges, and Smallholder farmers.

The location of Greater Zaria area in the guinea savannah provides a good physical environment for both subsistent and commercial agriculture. In Greater Zaria, both rain-fed and dry season farming are practiced by a large number of people and a significant per cent of the produce are marketed and distributed to other parts of the country. This study attempts to analyse the problems of logistics in the distribution of agricultural commodities from Greater Zaria to different parts of Nigeria. Questionnaires were designed and the purposive sampling method was used to select and interview marketers, intermediaries, vehicle drivers, channel loaders and consumers. Percentages, tables and flow line map were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that instability in the price of gasoline, harassment by law enforcement agents, extortions/multiple taxations at checkpoints, numerous stopping points/places of drivers and very poor condition of roads are seriously affecting the efficiency of freight distribution. What more, existence of numerous middlemen, channel loaders and lack of storage facilities in the source markets or collection points affects the ordering process and inventory management in Greater Zaria. All these activities not only cause delays, but also lead to loss of weight in animals as well as perishing of commodities in the logistics distribution and add to the cost price of agricultural commodities to consumers. It was therefore, recommended, among others, that government should try to ensure stability in the pricing and supply of gasoline to all nooks and crannies of the country. State governments should come up with an agreed pattern of taxation on our high ways to check extortions and multiple taxation; while our law enforcement agents should be well-trained, adequately remunerated and re-oriented to carry out their duties effectively. Only by so doing could we enhance efficiency in the logistics distribution of agricultural commodities not only from Greater Zaria, but also to and from all other parts of Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The study focused on the identification of requisite skills required by youths for entry into snail farming for poverty alleviation in the Makurdi local government area of Benue State. Seven research questions were raised and answered by the study. The study adopted a survey research design and used a sample of one hundred and three (103) respondents consisting of 47 snail farmers and 56 extension workers in the study area.
A seventy-four (74) skill item questionnaire was used for data collection for the study. One hundred and three questionnaires were administered and were all retrieved from analysis. Data collected were analyzed using mean. The study found that 12 skills in planning, 14 skills in housing, 10 skills in feeding and feeding, 10 skills in breeding, 9 skills in processing and preserving, and 10 skills in marketing of snail products are required by youths for successful entry into snail farming for poverty alleviation.

Rural dwellers play a critical role in farming for ensuring food security. However, this indigenous people and local communities' dwell and live in harsh natural environment and have had to cope with extreme weather and adapt to environmental change for centuries in order to survive (Yieching et al., 2011). They have done this using long standing traditions practices or traditional knowledge (TK) relating to adaptive ecosystem management and sustainable use of natural resources (Krystyna et al., 2011). It is essential to note that farmers' knowledge on the use of indigenous climate change adaptation strategies is of paramount importance to the nature and type of crops produce in a locality (Nwaiwu, 2014). Indigenous peoples' knowledge focuses on elements of significance for local livelihoods, security and well-being, and as a result, it is

Economic and political convergence within a region offers numerous advantages to the constituent countries of that region. Given Iran's imperative need to bolster its trade relationships with other nations as a strategy to mitigate the economic sanctions it faces, this study places paramount significance on exploring the feasibility of enhancing Iran's economic convergence with the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). Situated at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, and historically associated with the Silk Road, this organization was established in 1992. The primary aim of BSEC is to foster cooperation among its 13 founding member countries, namely Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, North Macedonia, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. The overarching goal is to promote peace, stability, and prosperity within the Black Sea region. To date, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged with the aforementioned organization in the capacity of a Sectoral Dialogue Partner (SDP). Collaboration between Iran and BSEC has encompassed a wide spectrum of domains, including but not limited to transportation, agriculture and related industries, banking and finance, combatting organized crime, culture, customs affairs, education, emergency aid, energy, environmental protection, statistical data and information exchange, healthcare and the pharmaceutical industry, information and communication technologies, organizational rejuvenation and good governance, science and technology, small and medium industries, tourism, trade, and economic development. Furthermore, several specialized working groups have been established to facilitate and oversee these collaborative efforts.

Fecha de recepción: 03/07/2023 Fecha de aceptación: 03/10/2023 Fecha de modificación: 04/10/2023 Resumen: En este artículo se hace un análisis jurídico de la nueva reforma de la política agraria común vigente para el periodo 2023-2027. En la primera parte del trabajo se hace una exposición de las bases comunitarias y constitucionales, además de una evolución histórica de los resultados y el contexto de cada una de las etapas de la PAC. En la segunda parte, se examina la nueva normativa del primer y segundo pilar de la PAC. En el primer pilar se desarrollan los tipos de ayudas y los requisitos para obtenerlas. En el segundo pilar se analizan las intervenciones de desarrollo rural más relevantes del PEPAC. Por último, se ofrecen una serie de conclusiones. El método utilizado en esta investigación combina el análisis bibliográfico con el legislativo.

fruits and vegetables. The present study was undertaken in order to estimate the economics of production and marketing of important high-value crops; to ascertain the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) and to highlight the problems faced by the producers in production and marketing of these high-value crops. The study was conducted in the Punjab state focusing on two most important fruit crops namely kinnow and guava and six vegetables such as peas, potato, onion, cauliflower, tomato and chillies. Amongst different vegetables, the net returns were as low as Rs 24,172 per ha for potato and as high as Rs 2,92,204 per ha for tomato. In case of fruit crops, the net returns from kinnow turned positive only after four years when the fruit trees started full bearing and the product started to be brought to the markets. The DRC analysis reveals a fall in profitability in fruits and vegetable cultivation with the withdrawal of subsidies. The ratios of protection and efficiency (NPC, EPC and DRC) of different vegetables and fruits showed the presence of input subsidies, taxes and trade restrictions but Punjab has a comparative advantage in producing these commodities. Wholesaler was the major marketing agency in case of vegetables and guava, with more than 60 per cent of the produce being marketed through them while Pre-harvest contractors were dominating in kinnow. Producer-consumer channel was observed to be the most efficient channel and the producer's share in consumer's rupee was found decrease with the increase in number of market intermediaries involved. Lack of scientific and technical skills, weak extension efforts by the public and private agencies and the prevalence of poor quality seeds/seedlings were perceived to be the other major production problems. Lack of market information, frequent and large fluctuations in prices, congestion in the wholesale markets and lack of cheaper grading and packing facilities to the farmers were the major marketing problems. The study highlighted the need for the provision for adequate shortterm credit facilities to high value crop growers, avoidance from purchasing large machines by the small and marginal farmers, the strict vigilance on the poor quality of seeds/seedlings and pesticides being supplied by the dealers, sale of good quality seeds and pesticide through cooperative societies, introduction of crop insurance scheme, formulation of effective price policy for these crops, and to establish processing units, cold storages and dry freezing plants in the areas where horticultural crops are grown, which can help the farmers in getting remunerative returns for the produce.

in Bulgaria. 12. Consider supporting models for sustainable smallholder agribusiness and natural resource management in rural areas (e.g., raising of rare breeds of livestock or waterfowl, non-timber forest products, or organic agriculture in "clean areas").

This research explores and evaluates innovative marketing strategies tailored for the unique context of Belagavi Rural's agricultural sector. The study investigates the challenges and opportunities in marketing agricultural products in this specific region, considering factors such as local traditions, consumer preferences, and distribution challenges. By analyzing successful case studies and incorporating insights from key stakeholders, the research aims to identify effective strategies that can enhance the market presence and profitability of agricultural products in Belagavi Rural. The findings of this study contribute valuable insights to marketers, policymakers, and businesses seeking to optimize their approach in rural agricultural markets.

This paper explores the critical role that youths play in reshaping and advancing the agriculture sector, especially in the age of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). The core of this discourse is the "Brain Re-Engineering and Reimagination" which seeks to foster youth engagement and agricultural entrepreneurship. This concept recognizes the need to shift from traditional perceptions of agriculture to a more dynamic, technology-driven innovative approach. It emphasizes harnessing the potential of the youth by redirecting their energy and innovative capabilities towards modernized agricultural practices. Through this, it aims to foster a generation of agripreneurs equipped to transform the agriculture sector.

Oil absorption of foods is a significant problem found in deep-fat frying products. Fried products affect commonly health status such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, etc. Therefore, pre-frying treatment is often used to decrease partial moisture content in foods prior to frying in order to reduce oil absorption of products during frying. In the present study, pre-frying processes consisted of 3 methods: (i) drying for 30 min with a hot air oven at 130 °C, (ii) freezing for 24 h with a freezer at -18 °C, and (iii) drying for 30 min at 130 °C then freezing for 24 h at -18 °C. The results indicated that water removal with a combination of drying at 130 °C for 30 min and freezing at -18 °C for 24 h prior to deep-fat frying provided a decrease in moisture ratio causing low moisture content and oil uptake content in deep-fat frying mushroom products. The products had high scores of overall acceptability (7.07±1.53). The result indicated that oil uptake content of mushrooms using incor...

Considering marketing as main contributor to the contemporary development, it has encouraged us to raise discussion regarding the role of the marketing in business decision-making and economic development as a whole. The concept of marketing is becoming a necessity tool for survival and the development of different business enterprises. The main objective of the study was to find out about the level at which Kosovo enterprises understand and apply marketing and how do they distinguish marketing from advertising. Moreover, the study seeks for Kosovo households' opinion on marketing and advertising, if they distinguish it from advertising, and how the advertising influences the household behavior in buying decision making. A sample size of 150 businesses and 150 household, covering the whole Kosovo regions were interviewed and analyzed. The results of the collected data were processed and analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS).Out of 46% of the total surveye...

 To estimate the extent of agricultural commercialization.  To determine the demographic and socioeconomic factors determining smallholders food security.  To analyze the impact smallholders commercialization on rural households food Security.

İçinde bulunduğumuz kriz ortamı –iklim değişikliği ve ekolojik yıkım, ekonomik sorunlar, otoriterleşme, toplumsal eşitsizliklerin derinleşmesi, toplumsal kutuplaşma ve bunların üzerine eklenen COVID-19 salgını– insanlığı ve ekolojiyi ciddi ölçülerde tehdit ediyor. Ancak bu kriz ortamı hem egemen –ve neredeyse doğal kabul edilen– toplumsal yapıların ve ilişkilerin sorgulanmasına hem de bunların değişimine ve dönüşümüne alan açtı ve açmaya devam ediyor. Krizlerin nedenleri, niteliği ve sorumluları, değişimlerin ne yönde ve nasıl gerçekleşmesi gerektiği ise çokça tartışılan ihtilaflı bir alan. Gıdaya ulaşım her zaman toplumların ana sorunlarının başında geldi. Gıdaya erişimdeki eşitsizlikler, çatışmaların kesilmemesi (hatta derinleşmesi ve yaygınlaşması) ve etkisini gün geçtikçe artıran iklim krizi gibi sebeplerle gıda meselesi daha da merkezi bir konuma taşınıyor. Gıda sisteminde yaşanmakta olan bu değişim sürecinden hareketle, 2021 yılında İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi (İPM) bünyesinde gerçekleştirilen “Gıdanın Politik Ekolojisi” adlı on bir bölümlük webinar serisini bu kitapta bir araya getirdik. Bu seride Türkiye’de gıda sistemi etrafında gelişen tartışmalara değinerek yaşanan değişimin daha adil ve sürdürülebilir bir gıda sisteminin kurulması yönünde ilerlemesini sağlayamaya çalıştık. Gıda sisteminin, bilindiği üzere, üretim kaynaklarına erişimden kırsal yaşamın toplumsal dinamikleri, teknolojik değişimler, ekosistem dinamikleri ve tüketim kültürü gibi birçok boyutu bulunuyor. Bu boyutların içine girebilmek ve bu boyutların aralarındaki ilişkileri anlamak, disiplinlerarası ve bütüncül bir yaklaşımı gerektiriyor. Bu nedenle webinar serisine, ilgili konuda aktif olarak çalışan akademisyen, sivil toplum kuruluşu ve toplumsal hareket temsilcileri, uluslararası kurum üyeleri ve yerel yönetim temsilcilerini davet ederek farklı bakış açılarını yakalamaya çalıştık. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de hem gıda sistemindeki sorunları hem de daha adil ve sürdürülebilir gıda politikalarına nasıl ulaşılabileceğini irdelemeyi amaçlayan bu kitapta gıda konusunu politik ekolojiden toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğine, sağlıktan beslenmenin sürdürülebilirliğine, agroekolojiden teknolojik gelişmelere birçok boyutuyla ele aldık. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de gıda sisteminin yapısı ve işleyişiyle, bunlardan doğan (ekonomik/sosyal/ekolojik) sorunların, mücadelelerin ve çözüm arayışlarının tartışılabildiği bir zemin sunmayı hedefledik. Bu yolla daha sağlıklı, adil, sürdürülebilir ve dirençli bir gıda sisteminin kurulmasına yönelik farklı toplumsal aktörlerin çabalarına katkı sunmaya çalıştık. Böylelikle esas vurguyu Türkiye’ye yapmak üzere, “Kapsayıcı ve dönüştürücü gıda politikaları nasıl olmalıdır?” sorusuna yönelik somut bir çerçeve geliştirmeye çalıştık. Webinar akışına bağlı kalarak derlediğimiz on bir bölümden oluşan bu çalışma, “Nasıl bir gıda sistemi?” sorusu etrafında şekillendi ve şu sorularla derinleşti: Farklı kavramsal ve politik çerçeveler kimler tarafından hangi politik arka planlardan beslenerek hangi tarihsel bağlamda geliştiriliyor? Bu farklı çerçeveler egemen gıda sistemini nasıl sorunsallaştırıyor? Bu çerçevelerin gıda sisteminin geleceğine dair vizyonları ve bu vizyona ulaşmak için önerdikleri yol haritaları nelerdir? “Gıda’yı Konuşurken: Farklı Yaklaşımlar, Farklı Kavramlar” bölümünde gıda sistemindeki sorunların belirlenmesinde ve çözüm arayışlarının merkezinde bulunan gıda hakkı, gıda güvenliği ve gıda egemenliği gibi temel kavramları Hilal Evren ve Özge Güneş’le tartıştık. Bu kavramlar üzerinden gıda sisteminin sosyal, ekonomik, politik ve ekolojik ilişkilerini deşifre etmeye çalıştık. Gıda sisteminin değerlendirilmesinde teknik boyutlar kadar politik süreçlerin de dikkate alınması gerektiğinden hareketle sürece ilişkin farklı yaklaşımların arka planlarını aydınlatmayı hedefledik. “Beslenmenin Sürdürülebilirliği ve Soframızın Ekonomi-Politiği” bölümünde ise Özge Geyik ve Candan Türkkan’la hem gıda sistemlerinin genelde ekolojik boyutuna özelde iklim kriziyle ilişkisine, hem de makro bir yaklaşımla siyaset teorisi üzerinden neoliberalizmin gıda sistemleri üzerindeki etkilerine dair bir analiz yaptık. Neoliberalizmin soframıza getirdiklerine ve götürdüklerine –tüketilen ve israf edilen gıdanın gezegenin sürdürülebilirliğine ve halk sağlığına etkilerine– dair politik ekolojik bir değerlendirme yaptık. “Gıda Sisteminin Kilit Özneleri: Çiftçiler, Yarı-Zamanlı Çiftçiler, Mevsimlik İşçiler ve Diğerleri” bölümünde ise Burak Gürel ve Deniz Pelek’le üretici öznelerin çeşitliliğini inceleyerek, Hindistan ve Türkiye üzerinden çiftçiliğin ekonomi-politiğini değerlendirdik. Köyden kente göçüp köye geri dönenler ve kentten köye gidenleri kapsayan yeni köylülük, COVID-19 ile gıda meselesindeki önemi ortaya çıkan mevsimlik işçilik, geçimlik tarım üreticileri ve yarı zamanlı çiftçiler üzerinden üretici özneleri geniş bir yelpazede tartıştık. “Tarım ve Gıda Sektöründeki Değer ve Tedarik Zincirinin Ekonomi-Politiği” başlıklı bölümde Halis Akder ve Derya Nizam’la birlikte gıda sektörünün değer ve tedarik zincirlerini politik ekonomi perspektifinden ele aldık. Gıda ürünlerinde özellikle son yıllarda kendini iyice hissettiren enflasyon sorununu, tarımda yerelleşme meselesini, gıdadaki tedarik zincirini değerlendirdik. Bu değerlendirme üzerinden gıda sistemlerinin sürdürülebilirliği için nasıl bir gıda politikası ve kırsal kalkınma programının tercih edilmesi gerektiğini değerlendirdik. Fikret Adaman ve Sena Akkoç

The study focused on the socioeconomic and challenges faced by small-scale sheep marketers in Gombe metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 91 sheep marketers from four markets. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budget and multiple regression models. The results revealed that, the mean age of sheep marketers was 40.59 years, 96.70% were males, 86.81% were married, with the majority (87%) had family size ranging from 1-20 persons, and had 17.68 mean years of experience. Also, the result revealed that 57.14% of the marketers combined sheep trading with other occupations to supplement their household earnings. Furthermore, the result revealed that purchasing cost for ram and ewe constituted 92.59% (₦ 27,615.38; $77.32) and 91.50% (₦ 23,793.96; $66.62) of the total costs respectively. Moreover, the result revealed average total return of ₦ 32,837.36 ($91.94) per head of animal was realized. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.821; meaning that 82.10% variations in the total returns were influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics included in the regression model. Also, the result revealed that, number of animals held per week was significant (P<0.01). Inadequate capital was critical; this was attributed to inadequate source of formal credits. Other market facilities such as clean environment and security were also lacking. However, improvement in the existing infrastructural facilities will help expand the present scale of operations. To improve efficiency, Governments and financial institutions should ensure funds in the form of loans are extended to the marketers.

The study investigated the determinants of market participation by plantain farmers in Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Eighty respondents were selected using a multistage sampling procedure. Primary data were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and truncated regression analysis. Results showed that the mean age of the respondents was 43 years. There were more male farmers than female farmers. Results showed that age, quantity harvested, farm size, unit price, farming experience and farm distance are the significant determinants of market participation by plantain farmers in the study area. It could be concluded that the extent of commercialization in the study area was high but not sufficient enough, which calls for the attention of all the concerned parties (government and individuals) to put in place measures that will critically improve the extent of agricultural commercialization in the study area. In order to enhance market participation of plantain farmers, well equipped market centers in various villages should be established by government and private individuals.

Study was carried out to find the factors influencing the farmers' decision to adopt recommended preservation practices of ginger in Surkhet district. Altogether 9 wards from Chinchu, Ramghat and Awalching rural municipalities were purposively selected for the survey within the ginger zone command area. Within the studied wards of the rural municipalities, samples were randomly selected. A total of 120 households were surveyed. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informants Interview (KII), Field observations, whereas secondary data were obtained through a review of relevant literature, AKC, Zone publications, journals, etc. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical software like SPSS and MS-Excel by using statistical tools like descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, mean comparison, chi square test, t test, binary logistic regression, etc. The farmers were categorized into high and low adopters on adoption index basis of each farmer. Out of 12 independent factors studied, 3 factors: age, access to extension services and training received were most influencing factors of adoption of recommended preservation practices of ginger. However, gender, ethnicity, family type, ginger cultivation area, farmer category, subsidy received, years of cultivation were not strong enough to contribute significantly to the level of adoption. In agriculture decision making, marketing and agricultural organizations, males were more involved than female and so was the case for involvement in preservation of ginger.

A griculture has long been a crucial livelihood source in India, with approximately 58% of the population relying on it for their sustenance (Azhagiri, 2019). According to data from the Indian Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), the agriculture and allied sectors contributed ₹19.48 lakh crore (US $276.37 billion) to the Gross Value Added (GVA) for the fiscal year 2020 (Sarkar et al., 2022). India ranks second globally in the production of wheat and rice. Despite its significant position in global agricultural statistics, the sector faces critical challenges, including climate change and the degradation of soil and natural resources (Clay, 2004;

Fruits and vegetables are a significant sub sector of agricultural production in Albania, not only providing the population with sufficient food, as well as have long played an important role in driving employment and economic growth. Currently, the agricultural sector constitutes nearly 20% of Albanian GDPconsiderably higher(approximately three times)than the regional average for Western Balkan countries providing income and employment for the rural households where they are produced. Despite an increase in the agricultural output in the last years, the county faces obstacles that prevent further progress for this sector which has the potential to become an important factor of the Albanian economy. The Albanian Competition Authority (ACA) with Decision no.1114 date 4.10.2024 has started for the first time an in-depth investigation of the fruit and vegetables supply chain specifically in the collection and wholesale market. The investigation that will be expanded in four main regions of Albania that lead the production of fruits and vegetables in the national market aims to better understand how the market operates and investigate possible market failures. In this article, the methodology used is a combination of primary and secondary data. Primary data interviews were conducted with farmers and other interested parties (65). The secondary data were used as collected from the Ministry of Agriculture, Directory of General Taxation, and National Institute for Statistics well as various experiences from the Competition Authorities and the European Commission. The purpose of the article is to examine the possible obstacles that are preventing further progress in the agricultural sector in Albania and understand how future government policies or technological improvements in the sector can play a role in limiting market failures. The study finds that the food and vegetables supply chain, has many trading levels and that fragmentation, underinvestment in rural infrastructure and services, access to finance, and uncertain land property rights are some of the obstacles that prevent further development of this sector. The results also reveal that the digitalization of agricultural land and cadastral data would address the challenges by improving the quality of existing data. Based on data analysis and literature review this paper aims to shortly describe the Albanian experience in the investigation of the fruits and vegetables collection and wholesale market, the characteristics and main actors involved, some of the challenges that the market faces, and how possible improvements in the future and the digitalization of the process can improve competition in the agricultural sector and competitiveness of the country in this sector.

Marketing in agrestic areas of India has various problems in service distribution mechanism. The low population density as well as unattainability of servicing villages make it strenuous for individual residents which often suits uneconomical. Direct delivery of goods costs twice that of urban marketplaces even to the leading one percent of the villages. This study comprises the various characteristics and obstacles faced by the service distribution channels of FMCG products in agrestic regions in various emerging markets. The paper concludes that the primary reason for poor service delivery and high cost, inefficient channel management and optimum distribution negatively affect the cost of the product as well as service of the company.

The study was conducted among 60 farmers from two blocks of Kalimpong district in West Bengal to analyze the marketing of large cardamom alongside various marketing channels involved during the marketing process using proportionate random sampling method. Garrett's ranking technique was used to identify the major constraints faced during marketing of large cardamom. The study identified two major marketing channels; majority of the farmers sold their produce to the main wholesaler in the neighboring market, who further transports it to the retailer, selling it to the consumers. Marketing efficiency and percent producers share in consumer rupee was found to be high in case of channel I than channel II due to the presence of fewer intermediaries in channel I. Major marketing cost incurred by the producers was found to be higher during transportation and packing of large cardamom bags. On an average,e the price incurred by the producers was calculated to be Rs. 120/ bag. Price fluctuation of produce in the market was the major problem ranked by majority of the farmers. Information regarding market especially concerning the prevailing price rate should be circulated and immediate focus should be given to up skill the farmers regarding grading and quality standards assistance from the concerned line department(s).

The development of information systems motivated scientists to use their knowledge to improve new tactics that can provide competitive advantages in a highly complex environment, primarily in the management of agricultural products marketing systems. Farmers often blame marketing issues for their struggles. Poor prices, a lack of transportation, and substantial post-harvest losses are all issues that they can recognize, but they are typically ill-equipped to solve. Modern technology, particularly Internet and mobile connectivity, makes it easier for people to do their work across a wide range of activities, including economics, commerce, marketing, and agriculture. Agricultural Information Management Systems (AIMS) are becoming more popular as a useful sector as agriculture expands and becomes one of the world&#39;s most lucrative enterprises. In recent years, people have become increasingly dependent on this technology. Systems have evolved from passively absorbing information to a...

Innovative partnership in chickpea seed production and technology dissemination was assessed in increasing chickpea productivity through facilitated access to quality seed. The study was designed to evaluate the benefits gained from partnership implemented for the last 10 years in chickpea technology by seed system of crop production. Farmers&#39; participatory variety selection (FPVS)&#39; has been implemented as epicenter of the new innovation. The varieties selected by the farmers were ultimately demonstrated and visited by large number of farmers and other stakeholders. This was complemented with the establishment and technical backstopping of farmers&#39; seed producer associations to produce and market quality seed to fill the gap by the formal sector. Intervention with chickpea technologies were initiated right after training partners in chickpea seed and grain vale chain. From 2008 to 2015, over 350 FPVS trials were conducted concurrently with demonstrations. The farmers&#39...

Coconut is grown in 92 countries in the world. Global production of coconut is 51 billion nuts from an area of 12 million hectares. There is mixed evidence for its effects on support price, market price and coconut supply to the cooperative marketing agencies. Kerala is one of the largest producers of the coconut in India but coconut farmers in kerala face several issues in the marketing of their produce. Here the study examines the association between support price, market price and coconut supply to the marketing agencies in kerala. The investigation was conducted by taking different affiliations from different regions. By analysing the support price, market price and quantity of the copra procurement between regions and affiliations, it is found that the support price is influencing the quantity of copra procured but market price have no influence over the quantity of copra procured (R = 0.64209). More over the test proves that the region wise and affiliation wise influence is highly significant at 5% level. The calculated value of F = 5.6118 and 'P' is less than (0.05) 0.00154. The study proves that the region wise and affiliation wise influence over the quantity of copra procurement is highly significant.

Solar energy is a promising alternative to meet the growing demand for energy. It is clean, cheap and available all year round. In the field of construction, it is necessary to design buildings with harnessing solar energy, considering the global energy-environmental situation. For this reason, in the design stages, one of the variables to be considered is the appropriate distribution of spaces and the adoption of specific forms for the future incorporation of passive and/or active systems in each project. In this process, existing elements that may generate negative shadows must be considered and the limits of the site for the implementation of buildings must be evaluated. The use of simulation tools allows quantifying the energy performance of different building configurations in a dynamic way, providing information that facilitates the decision-making process. In this context, the aim of this work is to identify the alternatives that offer the greatest possibility of capturing solar energy on the exposed surfaces of a given project. For this purpose, a methodology consisting of 3 stages is used: i. Current situation, ii. Formulation of alternatives and iii. Results comparison. The final configuration will be adopted according to the energy requirements of the building and the maximized solar potentials, through an optimal parameterisation in terms of complexity and computational cost of the whole simulation process. The result of this methodology will be applicable to new and existing buildings through construction and retrofiting.
As an application of this methodology, different location alternatives for a modular laboratory, were studied. A lightweight modular structure placed at the CEDER- CIEMAT facilities in Soria (Spain), characterized by an oceanic climate was considered as case study. This climate has long and cold winters with frequent snowfalls, warm but temperate summers with cool nights and moderate rainfall throughout the year. The correct building façade orientation has a hight impact in the solar potential calculation since the incidence of solar radiation on the east and west facades has an unfavourable distribution due to a higher incidence during the summer months. The south façade reaches the maximum incidence of solar radiation during the spring and autumn months, with minimum values in the summertime. Finally, the north orientation accumulates the lowest solar radiation throughout the year.

This study was initiated to identify market chain actors and their function in the market, investigate the structure conduct and performance of goat marketing in south omo zones of SNNPR, Ethiopia during the year 2018. Primary data were collected from sampled pastoralists and agro pastoralists, traders and brokers. Before the household survey, key informant interview and focus group discussions were conducted with producers, traders and brokers. Descriptive Statistics and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed to analyze the goat market structure, conduct and performance. The results show that producers, brokers, traders and consumers were the major goat market actors. Regarding the market structure, cattle market is known to be dominated by few traders. Although the degree of competition varies, goat market structure in the study area has an oligopolistic nature. This shows that only few traders have the majority of market share and earn abnormal profit. Besides, goat m...

Kooperatifin finansal ihtiyacını nitelik ve nicelik bakımından belirlemek, İhtiyacı karşılayacak fonların sağlayacağı kaynakları araştırmak, Uygulama ve denetim. Az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kooperatifler için sermaye sorunu kronikleşmiştir. Bunların nedenleri şunlardır (Özçelik, 2020): Kooperatifte bir araya gelen kişilerin çoğunlukla mali güçleri yetersiz olan birimler olması, Ortakların düşük sermaye payı yüklenmeleri ve bunu tam olarak ödeyememeleri, Sermaye birikiminin yeterince teşvik edilmemesi, Mevduat kabulü olanağının işlerlik kazanmaması, Kooperatiflerin sermaye gereksinimini karşılayacak özel finansman kuruluşlarının olmaması, Kooperatiflerin yeterli gelir -gider farkı ortaya koyacak şekilde faaliyette bulunamamaları ve kooperatiflerin etki yaratmada zayıf kalmaları, Yeterli miktar ve devamlılıkta ödeme aracı ve olanaklarına tatminkar ölçüde sahip olmamaları, Mali kaynaklara ulaşmada, diğer işletme biçimlerinin gerisinde kalabilmeleri, Kooperatiflerin, krediye ulaşımlarının, sektördeki diğer rakiplerine göre daha zor olması. Kooperatifin tedarik ve değerlendirmede izlediği ortak içi ve dışı işlemler ve fiyat stratejileri. Para/sermaye piyasalarında geçerli olan koşullar. Genel olarak gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kooperatiflerin sorunlarından önde geleni finansmandır. Kooperatifçiliğin iyi durumda bulunduğu, beklenenleri verdiği, hedeflerini gerçekleştirebildiği ülkelerde, kooperatif bankaları etkin biçimde çalışmaktadırlar (Özçelik, 2020). Kooperatif bankaları, kırsal ekonominin gelişiminde Batı Avrupa'da önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu süreçte, müşterilere yakınlık, yerel koşullarla ilgili bilgi ve deneyim, yönetim kabiliyeti avantaj sağlamıştır. Kooperatif bankaları, kooperatiflerin finansal sorunlarını çözmek amacıyla iş ve güç birliği yaparak kendi finansal kurumlarını kurmalarıdır. Kırsal kesimin faaliyet konusunu yoğun olarak tarımın oluşturduğu dönemde, ortaklar daha çok çiftçilerden oluşurken, diğer ekonomik faaliyetlerin başlamasıyla, farklı girişimler de ortak olarak kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. Gelirini tarım dışı kesimden sağlayan kesim için de kırsal bankacılığın önem kazanmasıyla birlikte kooperatif bankaları hizmet çeşitliliğini artırarak tam bir finans kurumuna dönüşmüşlerdir. Böylece kırsal köklerini kururken, ticari bankalarla rekabet etmek şansına sahip olmuşlardır (Erdoğan, 2002). Kooperatif bankaları ortak hareket ederek verimliliklerini artırmışlar, yerel bilgi gerektiren konularda özerkliklerini

Background: In the face of limited resources and changing climatic conditions, a major challenge for agriculturists is to ensure food security while addressing the issue of an ever-growing population. In India, the average productivity of soybean is low as compared to world average due to lack of improved agronomic practices, less importance and mostly grown under rain-fed condition. To bridge this gap, factors of production determining the per-unit production plays a crucial role in crop production. Therefore, in order to identify/evaluate the partial factor productivity and their contribution for better crop growth and individual input use efficiency study was undertaken. Methods: The field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Randomized Block Design with seven crop management practices. To know the efficiency of individual crop management practices on growth, yield parameters, yield, economics and output efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomy efficiency of applied nutrients. Result: Three-year results concluded that, soybean grown with full package recorded significantly higher seed yield (2277 kg ha-1) over full package excluding weed management (1889 kg ha-1) and full package excluding RDF (2023 kg ha-1). The yield gap was higher with omission of weed management (388 kg ha-1) and omission of RDF (254 kg ha-1). Further, net returns and crop output efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency was higher with full package over the omission of the practice. Thus it can be concluded that, for achieving higher productivity, profitability and agronomic efficiency of applied nutrients under full package comprising all crop management practices can be adopted over the years in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is at the centre of both the economic wealth and climate change in the context of pressing national economic issues. It produces the nation’s major foreign exchange earner- crude oil, has abundant fishery and marine resources- all of which are threatened by vagaries in climatic factors. The study was conducted to evaluate awareness of climate change and implications for attaining the MDGs in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study made use of a multi-stage sampling technique to select three hundred and sixty respondents across three Niger Delta States (Delta, Edo, Ondo). Data for the study were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaires assisted with interview schedules administered on the respondents. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The analysis of awareness of climate change indicated that level of awareness is low but improving. It was found, however, that the mass media has played the most signific...

This guide aims to serve as a resource and reference tool, offering insights, strategies, and practical examples to enhance understanding and implementation of learning initiatives within HDP contexts. It brings together a wealth of knowledge and experiences from practitioners and organizations at the forefront of the intersection of learning and doing.

Whether you are a seasoned professional or new to the field, this guide offers practical guidance and thought-provoking perspectives to inspire and inform your work. By promoting a culture of learning and adaptive management, we can collectively strive towards more resilient, responsive, and sustainable solutions in the pursuit of peace and prosperity for all.

รายงานวิจัยนี้มุ่งเน้นศึกษาผลกระทบของแอปพลิเคชันเงินกู้ผิดกฎหมายในประเทศไทย โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในด้านผลกระทบต่อผู้บริโภคไทย ผลการวิจัยพบว่าแอปเหล่านี้มักจะดึงดูดผู้กู้ด้วยขั้นตอนการสมัครที่ง่าย รวดเร็ว และไม่ต้องการหลักประกัน ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งที่ตอบโจทย์ความต้องการของผู้ที่ไม่สามารถเข้าถึงแหล่งเงินทุนในระบบ หรือผู้ที่ต้องการใช้เงินอย่างเร่งด่วน อย่างไรก็ตาม แอปเหล่านี้มีทั้งมิจฉาชีพที่หลอกลวงไม่ได้ให้เงินกู้จริงแต่หลอกเรียกเก็บค่าบริการล่วงหน้า และแอปพลิเคชันที่ให้เงินกู้จริงแต่มีอัตราดอกเบี้ยและค่าธรรมเนียมที่แอบแฝงไม่แจ้งล่วงหน้า และสูงเกินกว่าที่กฎหมายกำหนดไปหลายพันเปอร์เซ็นต่อปี มีการทวงหนี้ที่ผิดกฎหมายด้วยวิธีการที่ใช้ความรุนแรง คุกคาม สร้างความหวาดกลัว ความรำคาญ ซึ่งสร้างความเดือดร้อนและส่งผลกระทบร้ายแรงต่อผู้กู้และบุคคลรอบข้าง 

งานวิจัยนี้ใช้ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยแบบผสมผสาน โดยทำการสำรวจภาพรวมของการให้บริการทางการเงินประเภทต่างๆ ผ่านแพลตฟอร์มดิจิทัลทั้งในและต่างประเทศ เพื่อให้เห็นภาพกว้างของบทบาทของเทคโนโลยีดิจิทัลในการเพิ่มความสามารถและประสิทธิภาพในการให้บริการทางการเงิน และเจาะลึกลงไปที่กิจกรรมการให้กู้ยืมผ่านแพลตฟอร์มดิจิทัลของผู้ให้บริการที่ไม่ได้ทำตามกฎหมายเพื่อสำรวจพฤติการณ์และหารูปแบบของการใช้บริการและการให้บริการ ผ่านการทำแบบสำรวจเชิงปริมาณผู้มีประสบการณ์กู้ยืมเงินแบบผิดกฎหมายผ่านแอปพลิเคชันจำนวน 400 คน ทำการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกแบบกึ่งโครงสร้างผู้มีประสบการณ์กู้ยืมเงินจากแอปพลิเคชันกู้เงินผิดกฎหมายและผู้ที่เคยทำงานให้แอปพลิเคชันรวม 9 คน เจ้าหน้าที่รัฐผู้ปฏิบัติหน้าที่ในการบังคับใช้กฎหมาย อาทิ เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจ ตลอดจนหน่วยงานกำกับดูแล และทำการประชุมกลุ่มเพื่อรับฟังความคิดเห็นต่อผลสำรวจและข้อค้นพบเบื้องต้น เพื่อทำความเข้าใจรูปแบบ วิเคราะห์ สังเคราะห์ และเสนอแนวทางที่เหมาะสมในการแก้ปัญหา 

ผลการวิจัยพบว่าผู้ใช้บริการแอปเงินกู้ผิดกฎหมายส่วนใหญ่มักเป็นกลุ่มคนที่มีรายได้ไม่แน่นอน และไม่สามารถเข้าถึงบริการทางการเงินในระบบที่เป็นทางการได้ หรือเข้าถึงได้แต่มีข้อจำกัดและไม่เพียงพอต่อความต้องการ ความจำเป็นทางการเงินที่เร่งด่วนนี้เองที่ผลักดันให้พวกเขาต้องหันมาพึ่งพาแอปพลิเคชันเงินกู้ผิดกฎหมาย ซึ่งมักเข้าถึงได้ง่ายและรวดเร็วกว่าการกู้ยืมจากธนาคารหรือสถาบันการเงินอื่นๆ 

งานวิจัยนี้ได้ทำการสำรวจประสบการณ์ผู้ที่ใช้บริการการเงินผ่านแอปพลิเคชันเหล่านี้ และนำเสนอรูปแบบผลกระทบที่เกิดขึ้นจากการใช้บริการ ได้แก่ ภาระหนี้สินที่เพิ่มสูงขึ้น ผลกระทบเมื่อผิดนัดชำระหนี้ การละเมิดสิทธิส่วนบุคคล และผลกระทบทางจิตใจ นอกจากนี้ยังได้นำเสนอข้อเสนอแนะเชิงนโยบายเพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาดังกล่าว ทั้งในด้านการสร้างการรับรู้และให้ความรู้ เพิ่มการเข้าถึงบริการทางการเงินในระบบ บังคับใช้กฎหมายอย่างเข้มงวด และสร้างความร่วมมือระหว่างภาครัฐและภาคเอกชน

Access to a diverse range of genetic material is quite important for the success of any plant breeding effort. An evaluation was commenced to determine genetic diversification of 30 genotypes of rice based on 14 seedling traits by employing multivariate analyses i.e., hierarchical cluster and Principal Component Analyses (PCA). Cluster analysis segregated the genotypes into five classes which are in contrast for germination, seedling length, root length, seedling vigour Index-I and seedling vigour index-II. The first three PCs explained 89.07% of the total variability were the major traits in discriminating the genotypes. In grouping of genotypes, the hierarchical cluster and PC analyses was used. Parental combinations from the five clusters with higher value of Euclidean distance could be used for genetic improvement. Generally, is the most diverged genotype from others. Thus, crossing of this genotype with Ashangbrokakara, Moliro, Stejari, and Kawnlang might result in heterotic expression in the F 1 and substantial variability in the successive segregating population.

Agro-processing SMEs are constantly being pressured by global compe on thus necessita ng the need for stepping up and sustaining performance through innova on ini a ves. This study examined the effect of innova on prac ces on performance of agro-processing SMEs in Makurdi, Benue State. The specific objec ves were to examine the effect of product innova on and the effect of marke ng innova on; on performance of agroprocessing SMEs in Makurdi, Benue State. The study adopted survey research design. The study popula on comprised of 108 owners/managers of SMEs in Makurdi, which also served as sample for the study, from which data were obtained via administered ques onnaire. The researcher, therefore, ran a mul ple regression analysis using Sta s cal Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27). The results of the study established that Productand marke ng innova ons have significant/posi ve effect on the performance of agro-processing SMEs in Makurdi, Benue State. Therefore, recommenda ons were made amongst others that agro-processing SMEs in Makurdi should invest more in research efforts so as to improve on the exis ng products, increase efforts in product branding, and engage in innova ve marke ng campaigns etc so as to improve their performance.

The study examined the various indigenous cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata V. Walp) storage opportunities and their effectiveness in Mubi South Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Structured interview scheduled were used to obtain information from 70 respondents selected through simple random sampling techniques. Generated data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and (frequency and percentage), and inferential (Chisquare) statistics. The results revealed that (65.7%) of the respondents were males with (75.2%) below the age of 51years. Married respondents accounted for (54.3%) while (64.3%) had one form of education or the other. Majority of the respondents representing (74.3%) were household heads. Eight indigenous storage methods were identified and the use of air tight container, neem leaves/ oil and finger pepper were found to be more effective. Chisquare test results revealed that, the coefficient for age, marital status, farming experience were significantly relate...

ประกาศนี้กำหนดมาตรฐานคุณภาพและความปลอดภัยสำหรับภาชนะบรรจุที่ทำจากพลาสติก เพื่อให้เหมาะสมกับการบรรจุอาหารและเครื่องดื่ม โดยระบุข้อกำหนดเกี่ยวกับวัสดุที่ใช้ในการผลิตภาชนะพลาสติก โดยมุ่งเน้นความปลอดภัยในการใช้งานสำหรับผู้บริโภค เป้าหมายคือการป้องกันความเสี่ยงด้านสุขภาพที่อาจเกิดจากภาชนะพลาสติก เช่น การปนเปื้อนหรือสารเคมีที่เป็นอันตราย นอกจากนี้ยังส่งเสริมให้มีการใช้แนวทางที่เป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อมในการผลิตและการกำจัดภาชนะพลาสติก

Abstract

This announcement sets the quality and safety standards for plastic containers, ensuring they are suitable for packaging food and beverages. It outlines the requirements for materials used in manufacturing plastic containers, focusing on their safety for consumer use. The goal is to prevent any potential health risks from plastic containers, including contamination or harmful chemicals. The regulation also encourages the use of environmentally friendly practices in the production and disposal of plastic containers.