Agricultural Economics

Practical solutions for soil conservation are needed to ensure sustainable food production. Conservation agriculture and the use of cover crops are promising strategies for soil improvement in agricultural systems. These strategies are being promoted in Cambodia to address rapidly declining soil fertility; however, there is a lack of insight into the perceptions of Cambodian smallholders towards cover cropping within a conservation agriculture approach. A greater understanding of the utilization and perceptions of cover crops is needed to increase adoption and prevent further soil degradation. This study utilized a mixed methods approach with quantitative data from a farmer survey and qualitative data gathered from follow-up interviews with farmers. Analysis shows that farmers understand what conservation agriculture is and reported benefits, including increased yields, after practicing conservation agriculture. Conservation agriculture was viewed as a way to protect the environment and increase soil fertility, particularly by using cover crops. However, farmers reported that the use of cover crops as part of a conservation agriculture approach faces challenges, preventing further adoption. Understanding the benefits and challenges for farmers can help improve adoption, leading to improved soil and more resilient agricultural systems. Further research on how to address the challenges presented by farmers is needed.

Wheat crops are the most important staple grain crops in the world in general and the Iraqi table in particular, as the achievement of food security for any country depends on the production and provision of grains, which are the main source of food for the population, and must be provided under all conditions and seek self-sufficiency from them. From this point of view, the Ministry of Agriculture has established the national wheat growing development program in Iraq as one of the development projects aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in the wheat crop in Iraq, which led to the introduction and implementation of a range of modern agricultural technologies that are supposed to contribute to improving crop production and reaching the development goals set. The study aimed to analyze farmers' adoption of the package of modern agricultural technologies provided by the program and their long-term acceptability and spread. The results showed that the adoption of the program's t...

Žvelgiant is organizacijų vadybos prizmės, draugiskas aplinkai elgesys laikomas vienu esminių veiksnių, lemiancių organizacijų vystymosi raidą ir sėkme dabartinėje darbo rinkoje bei verslo aplinkoje. Žvelgiant is darbuotojų perspektyvos, jie gali atsakingai (neatsakingai) elgtis tiek namų, tiek darbo aplinkoje. Siame straipsnyje apibūdinamas draugiskas aplinkai darbuotojų elgesys darbo vietoje, pagrindžiama jo svarba. Taip pat analizuojama isorinių, vidinių bei socialinių ir demografinių veiksnių įtaka darbuotojų draugiskam aplinkai elgesiui darbo vietoje.

The dominance of the mechanisms of globalization on the global market, especially the energy market "oil and gas", according to the controls, for this we wanted to discuss the issue through one of the mechanisms of globalization, which is the world trade organization, which has become a dominant force, and from it oil has become an interest, not development.

Les marchés dérivés de produirs agricoles. Présenration et PersPectives de développemenr dans I'Union européenne Mors-clés: gcsûon du ns.luc, produrrs dérrvés, marchés à rerme, perspcctvcs curopéenncs aratil'e pradr.tt uhith dzpenù an theil dit't'utian Mte u'ithin rhe tndattn This t a long proceu uhere rbe fttare eqùlihiun of kchùqw it diffiruh n loruat Résumé -L artrcle présenrc uoe réflexion sur le développement pore0ticl dcs Insrfu_ ments prrvés de gestion du lsque négociés sur dcs marchés de gré à gré ou sur des mar- chcls ccntraLsés Après une description succincce cr un essai de classiIcation dc ccs rns- trumenrs donr Ia valeur d'échange dépend du prrx d'une marchandlsc sous Jacente (d oir le nom de produrts clérivés), les principales préoccuparrons rhéoriqucs sont prÈ- scntées, depuls l'efficience informatronnelle de marché jusqu à la couvenure oprrmale du rrrque sut porteteurlle de produrt ' derrves Enin, les perspecrives de dé"eloppement dcs produrts dérivés de marchandises agrr- coles dans IUnion curopéenne sonr analysées à partir dc rrois rnterrogauom: quelles possibilités de coexrsrence des produirs dclrivés er des instrumenrs de la Polirique agricolc commune, quelles possibilités dc cocxisrcnce des formes de gestion du risque mutualisre cr individuelle au sein des organisarions, enlin quel avenir pour les conrrârs rnnovanrs qur conce.nent par exemple les droits à produirc, lcs droits à pol-Luer ou I assurance sur les rendements agrcoles 1 * ENSA-INSFA, I)conottie, gettian et sciences sociaht,65, rue de St Brieuc, )5042 Rennet aedex,

Lastinawati E, Mulyana A, Zahri I, Sriati S. 2019. ARIMA model for rice price forecasting in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province. In : Herlinda S et al . ( Eds .), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lahan Suboptimal 2019, Palembang 4-5 September 2019. pp. 192-200. Palembang: Unsri Press. The price of a commodity is a very important factor that influences the decisions of producers in production activities, and consumers in their consumption activities. This study aims to build an ARIMA model for forecasting rice prices based on the quality of premium and medium rice. The study was carried out in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency as the center of swamp rice production in the South Sumatra Province. The ARIMA model of rice price was built using the Box Jenkins method with sequential data on weekly rice prices since the second week of March 2016 to the second week of September 2018. The results showed that the best model for the retail price of premium rice was ARIMA (8,1,0), whereas f...

The paper estimates the monthly household demand for olive oil in Greece by econometrically analysing in a two-stage Heckman framework, cross-sectional microeconomic data solicited via the Household Budget Survey of 2011. It finds that quantity increases as (a) its price decreases, and (b) income or the quantity of seed oil, olive pomace oil, and margarine increase. Spatial, seasonal, and a couple of nationality (origin) effects are detected. Price elasticity is estimated at 1.5-1.7, which suggests that conditions are to some degree favourable towards the formation of a profit maximising monopoly exerting market power in Greece.

Fast food is a food that can be cooked and prepared in a short time; some people enjoy (relish) fast food instead of popular food. The purpose of this research is to investigate the fast food consumption behavior of consumers in the Northern Region of Iraq. The sample size was 380 and questionnaires were distributed among the families in three main areas includes Erbil, Sulaimaniya, and Duhok. Multiple linear regressions models and ANOVA were used to analyze the fast food consumption behavior of consumers. The result shows that the share of total food expenditures spent on fast food consumption increased with incomes. Results from this research suggest that increasing household income increased household fast food consumption share, but decreased food expenditure. In addition, household size has a statistically significant and positive effect on fast food consumption expenditure. The result of statistically significant coefficient showed that household income has a positive effect on fast food consumption expenditure. The income elasticity of fast food consumption is equal to 0.56, that's mean when the income increasing by 1%, the amount of fast food consumption expenditure will increase by only 0.56%.

One of the efforts made to increase the contribution in the agricultural sector is by developing superior commodities. The study is aimed to determine the effect of land area, working capital, labor, technology, formal education, and non-formal education as factors in productivity of the fresh orange commodity to the income of orange farmers in the region of Dairi Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted in Dairi Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The sampling technique in this research is a proportionate stratified random sampling with a total sample of 94 people. Data collection method is using primary and secondary data. Data analysis using a multiple regression model and analysis of fresh orange commodity farming to regional development by using shift share analysis. Based on the results, that the income of farmers from each planting season is 16,914,404 rupiah,-/farmer. The result of hypothesis shows that the productivity of orange farming is a 56,6% influenced by independent variable (land area, working capital, labor, technology, formal education and non-formal education). Based on shift share analysis obtained that the agricultural sector shows a positive amount of 7.890 rupiah or 25.6 percent, which means the growth of agriculture sector in Dairi relatively faster if compared with the growth of GDP of the same sector at the national level.

The study examines an assessment of the impacts of interest rate deregulation in enhancing agricultural productivity in Nigeria by employing robust statistical analysis, using ordinary least square method. Data from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin covering the period 1986 to 2010 were also examined and the findings from the study showed that interest rate deregulation has significant and positive impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria within the period under review. Based on the findings, this study recommends a market determined interest rate as a stimulant in enhancing agricultural productivity. It further suggest that interest rate plays a significant role in enhancing economic activities and as such, monetary authorities should ensure appropriate determination of interest rate level that will break the double edge effect of interest rate on savers and local investors.

The study examines an assessment of the impacts of interest rate deregulation in enhancing agricultural productivity in Nigeria by employing robust statistical analysis, using ordinary least square method. Data from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin covering the period 1986 to 2010 were also examined and the findings from the study showed that interest rate deregulation has significant and positive impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria within the period under review. Based on the findings, this study recommends a market determined interest rate as a stimulant in enhancing agricultural productivity. It further suggest that interest rate plays a significant role in enhancing economic activities and as such, monetary authorities should ensure appropriate determination of interest rate level that will break the double edge effect of interest rate on savers and local investors.

Los Biocombustibles se promocionan en el mundo como una alternativa para remplazar los combustibles fósiles, especialmente en el sector transporte. Comúnmente la palma de aceite es el cultivo más importante usado para la producción de biodiesel en el mundo. Colombia ocupa el quinto puesto como mayor productor de palma de aceite en el mundo y ha venido incorporando una serie de políticas de apoyo para asegurar que el país juegue un papel importante en el mercado futuro del biodiesel. Paralelamente, varios sectores de la sociedad han venido manifestando sus preocupaciones por los efectos negativos de las expansión de los cultivos comúnmente utilizados para la producción de biocombustibles, se plantean importantes interrogantes relacionados principalmente con los siguientes aspectos: i) los impactos generados por los cambios de uso y cobertura de la tierra, ii) impactos sobre la producción y los precios de los alimentos, iii) impactos sobre el agua y relacionados con la prestación de s...

China has recorded positive growth rates of grain production for the past eleven consecutive years. This is a remarkable accomplishment given that China's rapid industrialization and urbanization has led to a vast reduction of arable land and agricultural labor to non-agricultural sectors. While there are many factors contributing to this happy outcome, one potential contributing factor that has received increasing attention is the emergence of agricultural production outsourcing, a new rural institution that has emerged in recent years. This study aims to contribute to the limited but growing literature on agricultural production outsourcing in China. Specifically, this study analyzes factors affecting farmers' decisions to outsource any or some production tasks using data from rice farmers in Zhejiang province. Results from a logistic model show that farm size and government subsidy encourages farmers to outsource while ownership of agricultural machines and land fragmentation have negative effects on farmers' decisions to outsource production tasks. Results also showed that determinants of outsourcing decisions vary with the production tasks that farmers outsourced.

This study examines the time series properties of co-integration and causal relationship between oil (non-agricultural) and non-oil (agricultural) import and export in Africa's largest economy. We employed Granger causality and Johansen and Juselius's co-integration methods to investigate causal relationships among the variables Naira-US dollars exchange rate (USD), Naira-Pounds exchange rates (GBP), Oil Import (OI), Non-Oil import (NO), Oil Export (OE) and Non-Oil export (NE). We found empirical evidence for co-integration between oil and non-oil import. Our result reveals the existence of long run equilibrium between exchange rates, oil import and export, and non-oil import (agriculture) and export. Non-oil import and export involves those of agricultural products like Cocoa, Timber, Cassava and Groundnut. We show that there is bidirectional Granger causality from import and export of both agricultural (non-oil) and non-agricultural (oil) goods and vice-versa. This empirical relationship followed closely to what economic theory have suggested. The study recommends amongst others, that government should adopt appropriate monetary and fiscal policies that will ensure realistic and stable exchange rates and foster economic growth through import and export of agricultural products.

The article analyses the impact of government intervention in the agricultural sector on food security comparatively. The authors conclude that, since 1992, the aggregate volume of agricultural products in these countries has dropped dramatically since the government intervention in agriculture has diminished in most republics of the former Soviet Union. On the other hand, the role of agriculture in the country's economy is decreasing as the GDP per capita increases in the majority of countries. On the contrary, the share of agriculture in GDP is high in countries with relatively small GDP per capita. The authors conclude that the choice of the "optimal place" of the agricultural sector in the economy of the country is important. A method for measuring government intervention in the agricultural sector is proposed. Based on this method, the degree of government intervention in the agricultural sector in some countries is evaluated comparatively. Assessments show that government intervention in the agricultural sector, one of the most liberal sectors of the economy, is widespread in both developed and developing economies. The contact line between the food security index and liberalization of foreign trade, GDP per capita and the level of agricultural development and the level of government intervention in the agricultural sector were estimated by the regression method. The authors came to the conclusion that the level of liberalization of foreign trade and economic growth play a special role in ensuring food security. If the country does not have a competitive advantage in the agricultural sector, there is no need to give strategic priority to this fi eld and to increase government intervention, and liberalization of foreign trade is more appropriate for food security.

The effect of irrigators associations on the productivity of rice farming is examined using data obtained from two irrigation systems in the Philippines one with an irrigators association and the other without The estimation of the production function confirms that the irrigators association is not effective in reducing inequitable water distribution among the different locations in the system and fails to demonstrate that it provides any significant advantages over the system with no irrigators association in terms of productivity However we found that the mean level of farmers technical efficiency is higher and the variation in farmers technical efficiency is smaller in the system with the irrigators association than in the system without an irrigators association suggesting that the irrigators association is effective in ensuring the efficient and equitable distribution of water among farmers within each location in the system

Crafts are emblematic symbols of a nation, its socio-cultural connotation is rooted in authentic traditional knowledge and regional customs that generate intangible rights which deserve to be legally protected, in order to facilitate its development as a true economic sector. It is common, in Mexico to resort to the protection of trademarks and copyrights, as well as to the denominations of origin, which are an ideal tool that not only provides protection to handicraft products and their creators, but also promotes the cultural identity of the country before the world; however, the role of the craftsman has been diminished at the beginning by the massive and industrialized production of crafts coming from abroad whose cost for their commercialization is considerably lower than that of a local artisan, as well as the inaccessibility to a dignified job, which means having the tools and adequate space for the production of handicrafts, the right to a public health system, vacations, pe...

This study was aimed to determine the differences of rubber smallholder revenue which sold raw rubber material at auction market and non auction market in Sembawa Sub District, Banyuasin District, South Sumatera Province. Sampling was done by probability method. Number of samples were 89 rubber smallholder which consisted of 64 farmers sold raw rubber material at the auction market and 25 rubber smallholders sold raw rubber material at the non-auction markets. Data was analyzed mathematically to evaluate the level of profit and statistically by using independent sample T Test to find the revenue difference of rubber smallholder which sold raw rubber material at auction market and non auction market. The mathematic analysis result showed that rubber smallholder revenue which sold raw rubber material (IDR 299,173.76) was higher than other which sold raw rubber material at non auction market (IDR 252.524). Moreover, statistic analysis indicated that there was difference of rubber small...

Food is made up of complex and multidimensional elements whose implementation requires significant measurement tools. The overall objective of this work is to assess food consumption within sedentary and pastoral households. This is a cross-sectional study. The methodology used is a food survey of 845 households. The result of this study is that the food groups most stocked by both urban and rural households are cereals (urban 95.7%, rural 79% and pastoral 94.4%) followed by spices/condiments (urban 74.3%, rural 67.5% and 74.4%). The least stocked food groups in urban areas are fruits and vegetables, while the availability of meats in stored speculation is almost non-existent in rural and pastoral areas. The average household food consumption score is 68.10±21.04; 43.29±13.27 and 44.96±13.77 respectively in urban, rural and pastoral areas. We also note a lack of diversity in the diet of rural and pastoral households. Indeed, the average household dietary diversity score is 6.84±1.91; 5.53±1.49 and 5.13±1.29 respectively in urban, rural and pastoral areas. Dietary diversity as well as the average consumption score are associated with household living conditions. In short, the assessment of consumption is an important element in characterizing the household diet.

Rice is a staple food consumed by Nigeria's high and low. Rice Prices have experienced strong variations over the last few years, both upwards and downwards. This increased volatility, combined with long-term prospects of rising rice prices due to the rice import ban highlights the necessity to increase the efficiency of the rice supply chain to ensure consumer prices reflect the evolution of inputs prices. This study assesses price transmission along the rice marketing chain in Nigeria. Static and time-varying copula methods were analysed on about 155 weekly price data obtained from different sources. Results suggest a positive link between producer, wholesaler and retailer rice prices. Such positive dependence is characterized by asymmetries during extreme market events that lead price increases to be transferred more completely along the supply chain than price declines. Price transmission asymmetries suggest potential market fragmentation and discrepancies in competition intensity along the chain.

Sugarcane production is threatened globally by smut and red rot diseases, which farmers in the study area take for granted because they see the diseases as natural calamities associated with large-scale cultivation of sugarcane. Incidence of smut and red rot diseases of sugar-cane in the study area was assessed between October 2016 and June, 2017. Thirty-two sugarcanes (800 per farm) were assessed on forty farms randomly selected from 16 towns/villages in Southern part of Niger State. Each of the sugarcanes aged between 6 and 10 months were observed visually for symptoms of the diseases. Number of infected sugarcanes was used to determine the percentage incidence of the diseases on each farm. Percentage incidence of smut ranged from 25.0 to 35.0 (Bida LGA), 20.0 to 22.5 (Gbako LGA) and 20.0 to 30.4 (Lavun LGA), while percentage incidence of red rot ranged from 5 to 6.5 (Bida LGA), 6.1 to 12.0 (Gbako LGA) and 5.4 to 9.3 (Lavun LGA). Significant pairwise differences at p≤0.05 existed ...

The editors are very pleased to bring to the quality-of-life research community a new journal, Applied Research in Quality of Life (ARQOL). ARQOL focuses on publishing conceptual and methodological papers dealing with quality-of-life studies in the applied disciplines of the social and behavioral sciences. The field of qualityof-life studies is an interdisciplinary program of research focusing on the conceptualization and measurement of concepts related to quality of life and social indicators. Examples of concepts directly related to quality of life and social indicators include happiness, subjective wellbeing, life satisfaction, the good life, the good society, economic wellbeing, family wellbeing, quality of work life, community quality of life, spiritual wellbeing, leisure wellbeing, social wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, and quality of home life, among others. These concepts are applied to specific geographic populations (e.g., quality of life of specific countries, regions, states, provinces, and trading blocks) and demographic groups (e.g., quality of life of children, quality of life of the elderly, quality of life of the poor, quality of life of the homeless, quality of life of the disabled, and quality of life of women). The same concepts are applied to specific institutional sectors (e.g., travel and tourism, hospitality, sports and recreation, food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, architecture, landscape design, education, transportation, telecommunications, healthcare, business administration, public administration, social work, management, marketing, agricultural economics, environmental science, and economic development). ARQOL focuses on applications of quality-of-life concepts to institutional sectors as described above.

This paper is part of ICRISAT Economics Discussion paper series. This series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about a wide array of issues in the area of agriculture for development. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. Any comments and suggestions are more than welcome and should be addressed to the author who's contact details can be found at the bottom of the cover page. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and its affiliated organizations. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (lCRISAT) is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million square kilometers of land in 55 countries, the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion people, of whom 644 million are the poorest of the poor. ICRISAT innovations help the dryland poor move from poverty to prosperity by harnessing markets while managing risksa strategy called Inclusive Market-Oriented development (lMOD). ICRISAT is headquartered in Patancheru near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, with two regional hubs and five country offices in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. www.icrisat.org CGIAR is a global agriculture research partnership for a food secure future. Its science is carried out by 15 research Centers who are members of the CGIAR Consortium in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. www.cgiar.org This work has been undertaken as part of the Sorghum and finger millet flour processing in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda ICRISAT -Socioeconomics Discussion Paper Series 2

Buena parte del desarrollo local experimentado en las últimas tres décadas en las comarcas de la Costa y el Condado de la provincia de Huelva está directamente relacionado con la agricultura de vanguardia. Al calor, especialmente, de cultivos de primor, como la fresa, y de cítricos, como la naranja, los pueblos onubenses más meridionales, de clima suave, un elevado número de horas de sol al año y suelos arenosos, desvalorados hasta la llegada de los nuevos cultivos, vieron mejorar desde los años 80 una economía agrícola en crisis ocasionada por una Revolución Verde que había trastocado los pilares socioproductivos del campo, y por un desarrollo industrial en torno a la capital onubense, que nunca llegaría a proporcionar ni los puestos de trabajo ni el bienestar social vociferados durante los primeros años de su promoción. En este sentido, apareció el concepto de «nueva agricultura» (Márquez, J. A., 1986) para expresar esas importantes transformaciones que han convertido a la otrora postergada agricultura de los años 60, que expulsaba mano de obra de los campos, en una de las principales actividades de la economía onubense, con un gran efecto multiplicador sobre otras actividades y en una seria competidora por el suelo y el empleo local. Con los años se ha convertido en un valioso sector 1. Este documento recoge parte del trabajo realizado por los autores en la ejecución del proyecto I+D+i Gestión colectiva de contrataciones agrícolas en origen y sus soportes territoriales en España y Marruecos: propuesta de concatenación de campañas e implicaciones en el codesarrollo. Dicho proyecto es financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Ref. CSO2010-18764, 2011CSO2010-18764, -2013) ) y está siendo llevado a cabo por investigadores de distintas universidades españolas. El «

This study1 depicts level of efficiencies of the techiniques applied by mustard farmers after implication of Neem Coated Urea (NCU) in different agro-climatic zones of Punjab and Haryana (North-Western) States of India. The Stochastic Frontier Model (with half-normal distribution) under ad-hoc truncation was used to estimate the Technical Efficiency (T.E.) The Propensity of Yield under Score Match method (PYSM) was applied to trace the role of treated NCU and other type of Urea (NCU-NT) or Farm Yard Manure (FYM). A total of 300 farmers, comprising 150 users of NCU and remaining were using other Urea, randomly selected from six districts of the studied zones. Farm-size, seeds, types of fertilizer and irrigation had significantly positive effect, labor and pesticides had insignificant negative effect on mustard yield. Farmers who used NCU were found more technically efficient than who used Urea. The T.E. level of users of NCU was found 0.228 means about 22.8 per cent and for Urea (NCU...

This paper builds up an exact idea for development of farmers in Haryana to analyze their specialized efficiencieswith respect to stochastic frontier analysis of rainwater irrigation options. Propencity Score Match Method was applied to portray that it was for all intents and purposes conceivable to have an unrivaled in fact proficient development systems embraced by ranchers in downpour encouraged area with correlation with a lower productive strategy applied by ranchers rehearsing development in rich bio-physical ascribes to watered locale. This may occur because of higher obtained effectiveness contrasts between the two frameworks because of higher conceivable outcomes of shortage in rainfed area. However, Irrigated farms are on a higher production function with working higher specialized in handling wasteful aspects, while downpour bolstered ranches are on a lower yield wilderness with full or higher specialized productivity levels. Accordingly, this paper can contribute for new...

This paper help in analyzing Technical Efficiencies (TE), in different agricultural production stages for growing mustard, adopted by the farmers of Punjab &Haryana in smallholding farming communities following the fast-track agricultural reform of the year 2014 with a view of highlighting key entry points for policy in the context of "Doubling of Farmers Income". Using a randomly selected sample of 350 smallholder mustard producers in the districts of south western Punjab and north western Haryana, a stochastic frontier production model was applied, using a linear Cobb-Douglas production function to determine the production elasticity coefficients of inputs, technical efficiency and the determinants of efficiency. The TE can be proved immensely helpful to avoid the situation of indebtedness, low yield and farmer's suicides in other Indian states. The study finds that mustard output responds positively to the increases in inorganic fertilizers, seed quantity, the use of labour and the area planted. The analysis for mustard growers depict 90 per cent of farmers in the study area, are technically efficient between 70 and 85 per cent, with an average of 77 per cent. The crucial factors of technical efficiency were the gender of head, size of family and frequency of extension services and visits, size of farm and the farming region. This paper represents a case study of south western Punjab and western Haryana to conclude the advanced middle stage farmers of both the state transforming the income generation from agricultural production by making possible use of efficient technology in production for High Yield Varieties (HYV) of mustard.

This paper presents the first estimate to date of the anual output of Portugal's agriculture between 1500 and 1850. It adopts the well-known indirect approach, which uses a consumption function for agricultural products. Prices and wages for this come from a recently created data base. It also verifies the assumption that agricultural consumption is equal or very close to national output. The method for calculating the income variable in the function is innovative since labour supplied per worker is not constant over time as in many estimates. Instead, it is made to vary, reflecting the 'industrious revolution' which occurred in Portugal during much of the period considered. The main finding is that the country's agriculture displays a long-run upward trend, contrary to traditional stagnationist views. It was unable, however, to keep up with the even stronger concomitant growth of population. Food consumption consequently declined, sharply in the 16c. but more slowly in the 17c. It recovered during part of the 18c. but after the 1750s it slipped again and down to 1850 it lost all these welfare gains.

Understanding the choice of healthcare facility utilisation is essential to the provision of need-based healthcare services to the population. This study was carried out to estimate factors influencing the choice of healthcare facilities utilised by rural households. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 240 rural households comprising 1440 persons. Data were collected with the use of a structured questionnaire and analysed with descriptive techniques and a multivariate probit (MVP) model. The MVP result showed that households supplement public healthcare facilities with private clinics, support traditional medical treatment with self-medication, and replace self-medication with public healthcare facilities and private clinics. Similarly, age, gender, household size, cost of drugs, distance to public healthcare facilities, travelling cost, contact with community health workers, total income, awareness of public health facilities, quality of health facilities, and terrai...

Agricultural products including rice, yam and cowpea play significant roles in the food consumption of urban dwellers. However, increase in crop production cost has continued to threaten urban food price in Nigeria. This study analyzed the determinants of demand for food commodities among urban households in Minna metropolis. Data were collected from 110 household heads of urban residences, which were selected through a three-stage random sampling technique. Data collected for the study were analyzed using multiple regression technique. The results showed that rice, yam and cowpea were price in-elastic. The cross-price elasticities for rice, yam and cowpea were -0.132, 0.028 and 0.005 respectively. The computed own price, cross price and income elasticity of demand for rice were –0.308, -0.132 and 0.018 respectively. For yam, the computed values were -1.262, 0.028 and 0.289 respectively. While for cowpea, these values were -0.530, 0.005 and 0.002 respectively. For the income elastic...

Urban agriculture is a unique form of agriculture that can provide fresh, local produce for city dwellers, and at the same me enhancing biodiversity in urban areas. Consumers' interest in urban farms' produce is increasing. Hence, there is a need to iden fy consumers' preferences for urban farming food produce and understand the underlying reasons for their demand. In this paper, we explore how consumers' willingness to pay for food varies with the produc on method: urban farming techniques, along with other variables indica ng consumers percep on and their subjec ve knowledge regarding urban agriculture.

Regarding „Quality in education”, respectively about ARACIP a lot of misconceptions are circulating: that entangles the educational process, that is „form without subs tance”, „it buries us in papers” (opinions of teach ers, school managers and, sometimes, local representatives). It is often overlooked the fact that the institution mentioned above does not claims from schools any documents, just ch ecks compliance and enforcement of the current legi slation, by measuring in the same time the satisfaction of dire ct and indirect beneficiaries of education. Quality in education (whit its complex principles a nd practices crossing the entire educational enviro nment) it is mainly oriented towards achieving results, reference to st andards and meeting the needs and the expectations of education beneficiaries. Thus, quality in education represent a desideratum, necessary not only for alignment t o national and European standards, but also to provide a fair start in life for young student...

Given the country's advantageous agro-climatic conditions that promote the development of premium mango types, Nepal's mango industry has attracted a lot of interest. To examine the trade dynamics of Nepalese mangoes, this study will look at production trends, varietal diversity, post-harvest procedures, and problems with market access. The complex regulatory system that governs mango exports and the numerous difficulties that mango growers and exporters face are given special attention. These difficulties include market access difficulties, logistical bottlenecks, infrastructure constraints, and the unavoidable requirement for conformity with international quality standards. The tremendous prospects that still exist for increasing mango exports from Nepal are also highlighted by this study. These include taking advantage of nearby markets like India, broadening product lines with value-added mango products, and taking advantage of the rising demand for organic and exotic fruits around the world. The report also emphasizes how crucial government support programs and public-private partnerships have been in promoting the expansion of the mango trade.

In this study, we estimate increases in producer revenue, total exports, and welfare effects from the genetic gains of the rice breeding program at the University of Arkansas System (UofA) Division of Agriculture from 1983 to 2016. Rice producers are paid based on both the quantity and quality of rice. Therefore, we implement a cluster-specific fixed-effects model based on location and year to identify the contributions of the UofA breeding program for both paddy yields (quantity) and head rice yields (quality attribute) over time. Additionally, the estimated increased yield was imputed into the RiceFlow trade model to estimate price and export effects. Including spillover benefits from UofA varieties, we find that on average U.S. rice producers gain 30.9 million USD annually. The expansion of U.S. long grain rice exports facilitated by the UofA is estimated to be 53,000 milled metric tons annually, which is enough to lower rice prices by over 1% in low-income countries such as Haiti, Panama, and Nicaragua. Overall, the public breeding program at the UofA contributes to (1) positive genetic gains, (2) additional revenue in the Mid-South, and (3) increased trade between the U.S. and rice-consuming countries.

Using Johansen cointegration test, the study analyzes the long-term relationship between the agricultural GDP and its factors (agricultural land, irrigation, fertilizer use, and absolute residual of rainfall and temperature) in India during the period 1960-61 to 2019-20. The analysis considers the absolute residual values of rainfall and temperature as relevant factors. Overall, agricultural production demonstrates a long-term correlation with rainfall and temperature trends due to its capacity to adapt to these variables over extended periods. The findings indicate a significant long-run relationship between these variables, with at least two cointegrating equations. The normalized cointegrating coefficients reveal a positive relationship between agricultural productivity and the size of agricultural land, irrigation, and fertilizer use, while the absolute residual of rainfall and temperature have a negative impact. The adjustment coefficients show that the speed of adjustment to t...

In Sierra Leone, there is renewed concern about post-harvest losses which account for 20-30% loss of farm produce. The lack of adequate storage facilities also affects produce quality, reducing produce market value with negative implications for various parts of the value chain (consumers, processors, etc.) requiring high quality raw materials. This study uses the Logistic Regression Model to determine the factors that influence the adoption of Grain Storage Technologies (GSTs) promoted by Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI) in Sierra Leone. The study shows that education, household size and cultivated grain type are positively related to GST adoption, while farming and farmland acquisition modes are negatively related to their adoption. Interestingly, access to credit and extension services have little influence on the adoption of GST. Credits, like extension services, are haphazard and random with high interest rates and political connotations that farmers generally detest. As rural farmers are largely poor, GSTs are generally viewed as additional expenditures. It is appropriate that SLARI, government and other stakeholders refocus efforts on collective/community post-harvest storage systems such as farmer/ community associations and co-operations. Facilitating efficient post-harvest storage systems in rural/farming communities benefits not only farmers in terms of increased income, but also hunger-stricken populations across Sub-Saharan Africa in terms of food security.

Rice is the main staple food of the vast majority of Sierra Leoneans, eaten on a daily basis by almost every household in the country. Rice is the most important food crop widely grown by farmers across the country. Although much attention is now focused on rice production through the small holder commercialization programme (SHCP), less attention has been given to investigating the constraints faced by rice producers in the country. Also, as food insecurity continues to be a major development problem across the country, thereby undermining people's health, productivity, and often their very survival; this study contributes to efforts to overcome the development challenges posed by food insecurity necessarily begin with accurate assessment of influential factors that con-strained the production of the staple food, rice. The main objective of this study is therefore to analysis the factors that influence rice production in the country, and specifically examine the relationship between rice production and the price of rice as sold in the domestic market. The study used a log linear model with the quantity of rice produced as the dependent variable and the price of domestic rice, quantity of rice imported and price of imported rice as explanatory. Findings indicated that, domestic rice is more expensive than imported rice per ton, and this underscores the argument that, rice importation is undermining domestic rice production as a viable income generating activity. Also, almost all the people in the capital city which hosts about 70% of the total population of country prefer eating imported rice, since it is free from stones and other impurities. However, In order to control price and still increase rice production, the government should be able to purchase the rice from the farmers and then sell this rice to private retailers.

The current study sought to investigate the factors influencing the conversion of forest lands to agricultural areas, which is primarily a result of agricultural expansion. This phenomenon is recognized as a significant driver of land use and land cover change in Ghana. Data was collected from land managers (commercial and subsistence farmers) who are major decision-makers on accelerated farm land expansion in districts known for large-scale food and tree crop production. The method used for data collection was the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). APH was used to assess factors that influence farmers' decisions to expand their farms. These are economic, environmental, social, and policy factors that were weighted to determine the most important factors of agricultural expansion. Study results showed that economic factors were weighted above other factors in terms of importance when it came to making decisions on farm expansion. Environmental and social factors were second and third, respectively, while policy factors were weighted as the least important factors. The study provides valuable insight into key factors that influence land managers farm expansion decisions and how land -use change can be addressed. The study concludes that the Analytic Hierarchy Process is a useful method for analyzing multiple factors considered by farmers when expanding their farms, despite its limitations. The application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (APH) as a method for investigating factors of agricultural expansion among farmer cooperatives in Ghana is quite new, as shown in this study. Application of the method has been useful for determining the most important factors considered by farmers when taking farm expenditure decisions for profit.

This article employs a historical and ethnographic approach to assess how the term "progressive farmer" is a socializing tool in the moral economy of agriculture in India. The term perpetuates social selectivity by favoring affluent farmers in India's agri-commodity markets. An ethnography of "progressive farmers" in the Flue-Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco sector in Andhra Pradesh shows that such socialization is only partially successful. Ambiguous terms like "scientific temperament" and "the will to improvise," associated with "progressive" and "good" farmers, obscure the fallout of modernization efforts aimed at integrating farmers into global markets. Within the FCV tobacco sector, domestic companies' persistent use of "progressive farmer" masks how market restructuring and state actions have increasingly burdened farmers with the demand for "high-quality" standardized tobacco. For now, progressive farming is a performance that state and corporate sector authorities engage in to maintain authority and build cordial relations with powerful actors in the countryside. Affluent farmers perform progressiveness to hedge risks in erratic markets, bypass traditional clientelist networks, and garner favor. As the state withdraws from market regulation, "progressive farming" empowers affluent farmers to navigate erratic markets while sidelining smaller farmers, who are left to make high-risk investments without sufficient support.

The study aims to study the factors associated with the level of happiness among paddy farmer's household in the granary area of Kedah. The study used quantitative research technique by using interview questionnaire to obtain data at the household level. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) used to analyze the factors affecting happiness of the paddy farmers statistically. The study found that the institution factor is the most significant factor contributing to happiness of paddy farmer's household with the coefficient value of 0.36. The finding shows that the role played by MADA, particularly in terms of advisory assistance to farmers have succeeded to improve happiness of farmers in the area. The management of leisure time, ownership of financial assets and human assets also positively significant influencing the happiness of paddy farmers. In addition the environment factors such as pollution, land degradation and waste disposal also significant influencing happiness of paddy farmers negatively. Finding also suggests that farm management factor indicated by variables such as effective use of machinery, pest control and weed control are not able to increase the happiness of paddy farmers. This situation clearly shows that the increase in cultivation technology with the usage of mechanization in every production process and harvesting is not able to increase the happiness of paddy farmers especially the poor. Thus, active involvement from related institution, strengthening the financial and human assets, as well as the introduction of technology that is more acceptable to the farmers, seen are the best way to raise the level of happiness among the paddy farmers.

Membership of cooperatives entitles eligible members access to financial resources for capital accumulation, investment and consumption purposes. However, becoming a member of the cooperative comes with the price tag of consistent savings that qualifies such committed members access to certain benefits.the World Bank (2015) reports that about 70% of the population still live in abject poverty, 83.9% of the Nigerian population is still living on less than US $2 per day and the inequality of wealth distribution is 42.9%. Based on this background, there is the tendency to question consumer cooperatives welfare promoting impact. We explore the relationship between and employees’ welfare. A survey research design is adopted in which a Likert 5 constructed questionnaires were administered among the faculty and staff members of the Covenant University Cooperative Society, Ota Ibadan, Oyo State, as a means of data collection.through purposive random sampling. Data collected were analysed us...

Smallholders are the major planters of the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in tropical Asia. One challenge they face is having to overcome the disadvantages of rubber processing and marketing; accordingly, organizing smallholders into cooperatives has been a major policy objective. The Thai government established smallholders' cooperatives in the 1990s and granted them smokehouses for processing latex into ribbed smoked sheets (RSSs). More than two decades have passed since then; the cooperatives' market share in the rubber processing/marketing industry has meanwhile declined to only 5% amid an accelerated growth in the private sector. This study aims to assess the impact of processing and marketing activities among Thailand's rubber cooperatives, based on a case study in Chumphon province. It was discovered that the profit per unit area (rai) from rubber production was significantly higher for cooperative members than for non-members, which was primarily due to the higher prices of rubber offered by these cooperatives. This became possible because cooperatives produced higherquality RSS than the private sector, which had to purchase unsmoked sheets (USSs) from a large number of rubber smallholders. Our regression analysis showed that cooperative membership ensured a higher profit per rai of 1,407 baht. It was also found that member households earned 50% higher total household income than nonmembers. In rubber production, the members depended more on hired labor, such as tappers, while allocating a major proportion of their family labor to other work opportunities, especially to non-rubber agricultural activities, which are more profitable considering the current low prices of rubber worldwide.