Agribusiness management

Vegetable production in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayan region encounter major challenges during the rainy season (July to October) due to excessive rainfall, waterlogging, and high pest and disease pressure, leading to poor yields and high market prices. The present study examines the economic viability of low-cost protected structures for cultivating vegetables under these adverse conditions. In the year 2023 rainy season (July-October), twelve aerodynamic bamboo structures, covered with UV-stabilized plastic and 50% agro-shade nets, were evaluated to assess four cropping sequence models (CSMs) in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India. The findings revealed that CSM-1, comprising chilli, french bean, and palak, achieved the highest benefit-cost (B:C) ratio of 3.95 with a gross return of ` 16,800. Carrot cultivation emerged as the most economically rewarding, generating ` 93,600 from an investment of ` 29,200 within a 200 m² protected structure. Crops like palak and french bean also showed promising results. The low cost protected structures ensured vegetable availability during the rainy season, optimized agro-input usage, increased cropping intensity, and supported local farmers. This approach has significant potential for enhancing rural livelihoods, fostering entrepreneurship, and creating employment opportunities, especially for youth and women.

The sustainability assessment of the tea industry in Tanzania reveals pressing challenges and opportunities within its socioeconomic and environmental frameworks. Despite being a vital cash crop and source of livelihood for over 50,000 smallholder families, Tanzania's tea production lags significantly behind competitors such as Kenya, with only 5.1% of Kenya's production metrics. The study evaluates key factors influencing the industry's sustainability, including social conditions, economic viability, environmental health, and agronomic practices. A purposive sampling technique was used to select key participants with direct involvement and expertise in the tea industry including Estate workers (50); Smallholder farmers (100); and Industry Stakeholders (15) complemented with FGDs (2), in-depth interviews with key institutions, and documentary reviews. The findings highlight systemic issues such as low worker wages, inadequate access to social services, and poor investment in modern agricultural technologies. Environmental concerns, including biodiversity loss, monoculture practices, and insufficient water management, pose further risks to the industry's future. The research concludes with recommendations for interventions that promote economic viability, social equity, and environmental stewardship, underscoring the need for strategic reforms to unlock the sector's full potential and ensure a sustainable future for Tanzanian tea production.

Keywords: Sustainability assessment, Tea industry, Tanzania, Socio-economic factors, Agricultural practices, Environmental challenges, and Smallholder farmers.

Medical supply chain networks are important for providingthe proper consumer with medicine and other related products. But frequent problems such as inadequate distribution channels and stock management lead to the following:always consumers experiencing stock out higher costs expended on the same stock since most will go to waste due to expiry. This paper explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used in healthcare supply chains especially drug distribution and inventory management. These include areas like Artificial intelligence in demand forecasting, Artificial intelligence in predictive analytics, and Artificial intelligence in inventory tracking, among others. A literature review captures AI development in the context of healthcare logistics, while a coherent approach assesses deployable interventions. The results have highlighted direct gains of AI implementation including increased productivity, reduced cost, and quality improvement of patient service. Future direction and prospects are also considered, as well as longer limitations and concerns such as the need for intelligent, scalable and ethically sound models.

JETIRAB06009 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 40 Abstract: One of the major problem faced by the rice millers and farmers is breakage of rice during milling processes like whitening, polishing etc. For reducing the breakage of different rice varieties while milling processes, it is important to know the initial quality of rice grains. Rice quality is in terms of internal fissures present in rice kernels. In this study, an innovative technique is found out for detection and imaging of fissures present in brown rice kernel with the use of digital single lens reflex DSLR camera. The DSLR Nikon D5200 camera with secondary close-up numex close-up lenses was used for capturing images of fissures of rice kernels. The captured images were edited in open source image processing application Lightroom CC application for better clarity of fissure. Four different arrangements were used for detection and capturing of fissures, out of which two arrange...

Agribusiness plays a strategic role in the global economy, being one of Brazil's main economic forces. This work presents the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agribusiness, focusing on monitoring pasture animals. The proposal seeks to use IoT technologies to optimize herd management, providing greater control, safety and efficiency in rural operations. The developed system integrates connected devices, location sensors (GPS) and communication networks (such as Sigfox), allowing real-time monitoring of animals in pasture areas. Furthermore, the implementation of geofences makes it possible to define safe areas, sending automatic alerts in cases of animals leaving or entering defined locations. This project attested to the advantages of using IoT, allowing real-time monitoring of the location of animals, with precision and reliability, using maps and automated alerts, consequently contributing to the digital transformation in the field.
(Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Geofence, Agribusiness, Sigfox, GPS).

Ikan sidat (Anguilla spp.) merupakan ikan konsumsi yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi dengan kandungan gizi yang tinggi pula. Ikan sidat menurut mengandung protein yang tinggi (16,4%) dan vitamin A sebesar 4700IU. Selain itu, ikan sidat (glass eel) juga mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh (EPA dan DHA). Salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi besar sumber daya glass eel tersebut adalah Provinsi Jawa Barat tepatnya di Muara Sungai Cimandiri, Sukabumi. Permintaan ekspor yang tinggi mengakibatkan usaha penangkapan terus meningkat di Teluk Palabuhanratu sehingga mengancam populasinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aktivitas penangkapan benih ikan sidat disertai pengelolaan potensi sumber daya ikan sidat secara berkelanjutan di Muara Sungai Cimandiri, Jawa Barat. Adapun ancaman sumber daya sidat di Sungai Cimandiri disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor tersebut seperti pencemaran lingkungan, overfishing atau penangkapan secara tidak terkendali, dan rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk melakukan pemanfaatan ikan sidat yang bersifat berkelanjutan. Oleh sebab itu, solusi yang dapat diaplikasikan adalah pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat. Pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat pada sumber daya sidat ini merupakan pengelolaan pada sidat dengan strategi budidaya berbasis masyarakat. Budidaya sidat merupakan suatu langkah dalam pelestarian sidat sekaligus berdampak bagi peningkatan kehidupan sosial maupun ekonomi masyarakat.

In an effort to close the gap between the needs of farmers and the distribution of agricultural information, this study examines how farmers perceive the advice offered by Kisan Call Centres (KCCs). KCCs are vital sources that provide knowledge on different farming techniques, professional counsel, and agricultural guidance. However, enhancing the efficacy of agricultural extension services requires an understanding of how farmers interpret and apply these advisories. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and in-depth interviews with 100 farmers from the State of Assam, representing a heterogeneous sample. The findings show a range of opinions, impacted by variables viz., age, education, landholding, experience and annual income. The study shows 41 % of respondents were under 30 years old, with 68 % depending on farming and 61 % holding 7.6-15 bighas of land. Farmers appreciated KCC’s quick responses, especially for weather forecasts, but noted issues with insufficient information, pest symptom descriptions, and long wait times. Age, experience, landholding, and income positively correlated with favourable attitudes towards KCC, while education had a negative impact.

Aims: India is the second most flood-affected country, trailing behind Bangladesh. Over the past two decades, Karnataka has been subjected to severe flooding. Keeping the above in view, a research initiative to analyze the effect of floods on crop and livestock production was undertaken. Study Design: Multi stage purposive sampling technique was adopted for the study. Place and Duration of Study: Bagalkot district of Northern Karnataka was purposively selected for the study. The study is based on primary data collected from 90 respondents belonging to Ghataprabha and Krishna river basins in Mudhol (45) and Jamakhandi (45) taluks. Results: Analysis of cropping patterns reveals sugarcane as the dominant crop with maize also significant. Floods in 2019 caused substantial crop damage, particularly affecting sugarcane and maize, resulting in significant income losses for farmers. The results indicated that the, during 2019, 78.03 and 21.97 per cent of sugarcane and maize areas were affected by floods with a percentage income reduction of 65.84 and 62.87 percent, respectively. The severity of flood was quite less during 2020 where 76.72 and 23.27 percent of sugarcane and maize areas were affected by floods with 29.47 and 33.24 percent, reduction in income respectively. Conclusion: Livestock losses were also considerable, with farmers facing economic burdens due to animal deaths and injuries. Soil erosion, predominantly splash and sheet erosion, was prevalent during both years, affecting agricultural productivity. Compensation for losses remained inadequate, highlighting challenges in addressing flood-related damages in the region.

The study focused on the socioeconomic and challenges faced by small-scale sheep marketers in Gombe metropolis. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 91 sheep marketers from four markets. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budget and multiple regression models. The results revealed that, the mean age of sheep marketers was 40.59 years, 96.70% were males, 86.81% were married, with the majority (87%) had family size ranging from 1-20 persons, and had 17.68 mean years of experience. Also, the result revealed that 57.14% of the marketers combined sheep trading with other occupations to supplement their household earnings. Furthermore, the result revealed that purchasing cost for ram and ewe constituted 92.59% (₦ 27,615.38; $77.32) and 91.50% (₦ 23,793.96; $66.62) of the total costs respectively. Moreover, the result revealed average total return of ₦ 32,837.36 ($91.94) per head of animal was realized. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.821; meaning that 82.10% variations in the total returns were influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics included in the regression model. Also, the result revealed that, number of animals held per week was significant (P<0.01). Inadequate capital was critical; this was attributed to inadequate source of formal credits. Other market facilities such as clean environment and security were also lacking. However, improvement in the existing infrastructural facilities will help expand the present scale of operations. To improve efficiency, Governments and financial institutions should ensure funds in the form of loans are extended to the marketers.

This paper evaluates the impact of good governance in attainment of infrastructural development in Nigeria. The problem investigated is stimulated by the expectation of the people for good governance in democratic era. The specific objective of the study include determining the extent to which the government archived the tenets of good governance, finding out the impact of good governance in attainment of infrastructural development in Nigeria and examining the constraints of good governance in achieving infrastructural development. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources using the instrument of observation, questionnaire, published and unpublished material as well as the internet. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive tools used include tables and simple percentages while the inferential tool used is the spearman rank correlations. The study revealed that, good governance has not provided infrastructural development. More specifically, there is low service delivery, low rate of adherence to rule of law, lack of transparency and accountability, existence of high rural poverty, decay in rural educational system, inadequate water and road infrastructure as well as inadequate health facilities. The study also revealed poverty, corruption, poor judicial system, need for excess wealth as constraints for good governance. It was therefore recommended that, there should be institution of integrity, transparency and accountability in governance, there should be improvement in social services and there should be measures to check mismanagement.

The success of lowland rice cultivation is supported by the application of appropriate cultivation technology. The application of this technology is important to ensure optimal production achievement. The increasing population of Indonesia every year increases the demand for rice. To meet this need, the rice cultivation techniques applied by farmers need to be considered. Production factors are related to the application of cultivation techniques, including variety selection, fertilization, irrigation, and control of plant pests, all of which affect the results of lowland rice production. The research was conducted through a survey, by collecting data from farmer groups who own rice fields in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, which includes Bolaang Uki District, Popodu and Salongo Villages and Pinolosian District, Kombot Village. The application of agricultural technology in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency is still not optimal, mainly due to the financial limitations of farmers. In general, 40% of farmers achieve production of 2-2.5 tons/ha and this shows that increasing access to technology and financial support is very important to increase productivity among farmers.

The article is a solemn attempt to elucidate the requisite entrepreneurial competencies foe private nursery business in the state of Kerala. The data has been collected from the district of Wayanad. The major entrepreneurial competencies such as generic and specific knowledge, personal traits, social roles, skills, motives are the crux of the study. The agricultural sector is treated as the primary economic source of the nation and the nurseries e treated as the primary place to start such agricultural activities in the country. Majority of the farmers are depending upon nurseries to collect their raw materials for their cultivation. Which means a good nursery can flourish the agricultural sector of the country. For giving such important role, the entrepreneurs behind nurseries should possess good sort of knowledge in their business. Otherwise it can adversely affect the entire agricultural sector of the country. The nursey business is seen everywhere in the district of Wayanad as well as in the state of Kerala. This paper intends to identify whether all these entrepreneurs behind nursery business have sufficient competencies to run such business or not.

The article presents research results on the Russian beef production sector. As in the rest of the world, beef in the Russian market is losing the competition to pork and poultry. Beef is the most resource-intensive type of meat in terms of feed consumption and land requirements. The industry has a longer herd reproduction period and return on investment. The Russian beef market is in a long-term decline. Domestic production is declining, and imports have been declining since 2015. The level of consumer prices for beef is 1.5-2 times higher than the price for pork and poultry. According to the study results, several key factors in the industry's recovery from the crisis were identified. It is necessary to radically increase the share of beef obtained from beef cattle. This will allow obtaining better quality meat and reducing its cost. Now the share is about 20%, while in the world, beef cattle account for 40%. The construction of food chains in beef cattle is different from other agricultural sectors. The model of a combination of vertical integration (holdings) and cooperation with small independent producers is effective. The formation of such networks can be accelerated by creating and stimulating regional clusters. Russian beef has significant competitive advantages in foreign markets. In Russia, the use of steroids, growth hormones, and feed additives that stimulate the muscle mass of livestock is prohibited. Russian government programs have proven their effectiveness in other agricultural sectors. In this case, resources are needed to support clusters and cooperation in meat food chains.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the demographic and occupational profiles of fishermen, wholesalers, and retailers in the fishing industry in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The research focused on key parameters such as age, gender, caste, educational qualification, and occupation to provide valuable insights into the diverse composition of these vital stakeholders. For fishermen, the majority (75.00%) fall within the age group of 30 to 50 years, with 80.00% being male. The caste distribution reveals 40.00% belonging to OBC, and 70.00% are engaged in both fishery and agriculture. Wholesalers, on the other hand, predominantly belong to the age group of 30 to 50 years (56.25%), with a male dominance of 100.00%. The majority (56.25%) of wholesalers identify as general caste, and educationally, 43.75% have completed schooling up to the primary level. Retailers, similar to wholesalers, exhibit a concentration in the 30 to 50-year age group (56.66%), with a more balanced gender distribution (63.33% male, 36.66% female). A significant portion of retailers (53.33%) belongs to the OBC caste. Educationally, 36.66% have completed schooling up to the primary level.

Sektor pertanian khususnya perkebunan sangat rentan terdampak perubahan iklim, perubahan iklim menyebabkan perubahan cuaca yang ekstrem serta dapat menurunkan produksi pertanian. Naik turunnya jumlah produksi kopi di Banyuwangi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor, salah satunya ialah perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim dapat terjadi karena perubahan jumlah sinar matahari dan intensitas curah hujan. Intensitas curah hujan sangat berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan pada sektor pertanian, apabila curah hujan meningkat Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) dapat berkembang lebih banyak sehingga kualitas tanaman dapat menurun, rusak atau bahkan mati. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mengetahui persepsi petani kopi robusta terhadap dampak dari perubahan iklim serta mengetahui strategi mitigasi yang dilakukan petani kopi robusta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis. Persepsi petani kopi terhadap dampak dari perubahan iklim ditemukan sedang karena produksi kopi robusta menurun akan tetapi harga jualnya naik, untuk strategi mitigasi yang digunakan adalah penerapan agroforestri, penggunaan pupuk organic, penerapan konservasi lengas tanah dan penggunaan klon adaptif perubahan iklim.

A study on "Effect of Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma on growth and yield of capsicum was conducted from March to June 2023 in Godawari, municipality, Lalitpur, Nepal to identify the combined effect of Bacillus and Trichoderma in growth and yield of Capsicum. Research was done under randomized complete block design with three replications of seven treatments including:-(GM), (GM +Trichoderma), (GM +Bacillus), (Vermicompost), (Vermicompost+ Trichoderma), (Vermicompost +Bacillus) and (Control)) are used to grow California wonder variety replicating twenty-one plots. Composite soil samples were collected in each study site from 0-20 cm soil depth. Analysis of soil samples was done in laboratory for chemical properties. R and MS-Excel were used for data analysis. The observations were recorded for various yield parameters, floral parameters and growth parameters. The effect of Trichoderma and Bacillus on the plant height was not found significant. At 30 DAT mean plant height was 11.63cm, at 45 DAT mean plant height was 19.11cm and at 60 DAT mean plant height was 34.90cm. The experimental findings shows that the number of leafs per plant at 30 DAT and 45 DAT was found 8 and 12 respectively. The highest fruit diameter was found in Trichoderma + vermicompost (22.13cm). whereas the highest fruit length was observed in same treatment which was (10.30cm) likewise, highest fruit weight was also observed in same treatment (106.20gm). In case of floral parameters, the effect of these treatment on days to 50% flowering was not found significant. The mean days to flowering of capsicum was 55 DAT. The experimental findings on yield per plot and yield per hectare was observed highest in Trichoderma + vermicompost (3,716.66gm) and (15.48ton) among the seven treatments.

TMMOB Gıda Mühendisleri odası İstanbul Şube Başkanı Sedat Kuru ile gıda sektöründe yaşanan sorunları ve çözüm önerilerini konuştuk. Kuru, medyanın referans olarak yanlış isimleri göstermesinden, denetim eksikliğine, tağşiş ve taklit yapan firmalara verilen cezaların yetersizliğine kadar birçok soruna değindi.

Benih unggul tanaman pertanian merupakan faktor yang menentukan produksi dan kualitas hasil pertanian. Oleh karena itu, perlu dijamin ketersediaan benih yang tepat waktu, tepat jumlah, tepat harga dan tepat tempat sehingga petani mendapatkan peluang untuk mendapatkan benih unggul untuk usaha taninya.

The purpose of this study was to determine the procedures managing village funds and identify the factors supporting and inhibiting the allocation of village funds in improving education in Ngombak Village. This research uses qualitative research with ethnographic research design. The informants in this study were village financial system staff, early childhood education teachers, kindergarten teachers, head of community groups and chairman of the village council body. Data collection techniques use interviews and documentation, while to test the validity of the data using source triangulation and to analyze data, namely data condensation, data presentation and conclusion drawing. With the results of the study: 1) In carrying out its duties the Ngombak Village government is in accordance with Regent Regulation Number 1 of 2021 concerning the management and use of village fund. 2) the obstacles experienced by the Ngombak Village government are the budget factor and the covid-19 pande...

Purpose
Agri-entrepreneurship is considered a promising strategy to address poverty, particularly in developing countries. However, embarking on an agri-entrepreneurial venture poses significant challenges. The existing literature on agri-entrepreneurship in developing countries, particularly focusing on smallholders’ constraints, is often scattered and fragmented, focusing mainly on individual barriers rather than providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted constraints. Therefore, this study aims to fill the gap by conducting a systematic review to identify, categorize, and prioritize the smallholders’ constraints.

Design/methodology/approach
By systematically reviewing literature retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science, published between 2013 and 2023, and following the PRISMA guidelines, this study identifies agri-entrepreneurial constraints through content analysis and categorizes and prioritizes them using thematic analysis.

Findings
This study revealed a range of constraints which are categorized into thematic areas including market-related challenges, financial constraints, limitations in human capital, institutional barriers, socio-cultural factors, technological shortcomings, and infrastructural challenges. Moreover, the study examines the role of social networks and their impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in developing countries.

Research limitations/implications
The study’s scope is limited to constraints for agri-entrepreneurship, particularly for smallholders in developing countries. The review considers English articles published between 2013 and 2023, and ABS 3 and above ranked journal articles.

Originality/value
The study systematically identifies, categorizes, and prioritizes the significant constraints to agri-entrepreneurship in developing countries by conducting a systematic review and identifying research gaps and future directions.

Kemandirian benih merupakan salah satu sasaran akhir pemerintah dalam meluncurkan berbagai program perbenihan melalui pendekatan partisipatif. Namun rendahnya kapasitas petani menjadi kendala dalam pencapaian sasaran program. Melalui program Pengembangan Kawasan Mandiri Benih dimana anggota kelompok tani ditargetkan untuk menjadi penangkar benih secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap petani terhadap pelatihan dan sekolah lapang sebagai strategi peningkatan kapasitas kelompok tani yang mendukung upaya terciptanya kemandirian benih di tingkat petani. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh bahwa seluruh petani responden memandang pelatihan dan sekolah lapang merupakan strategi yang efektif dalam peningkatan kapasitas petani. Pelaksanaan sekolah lapang telah mampu meningkatkan pemahaman petani dalam memproduksi benih padi unggul bermutu dan menjadikan Desa Cengkering Pekan sebagai desa yang mandiri dalam penyediaan benih. Kata kunci: kapasitas, kelompok tani, benih padi, kemandirian Penggunaan benih bermutu merupakan salah satu bentuk inovasi teknologi yang mampu mendongkrak angka produktivitas Darwis, 2018). Peningkatan produktivitas usahatani meningkat 60-65% disebabkan oleh faktor penggunaan benih varietas unggul bermutu. Benih sebagai salah satu komponen utama menjadi penentu awal keberhasilan dalam budidaya tanaman. Produksi suatu tanaman akan semakin baik apabila mutu benih yang digunakan semakin baik (Darwis, 2018; Samadi, 2003). Dalam pertanian modern, benih berperan sebagai delivery mechanism yang menyalurkan keunggulan teknologi kepada clients, yaitu petani . Memandang pentingnya peran benih dan untuk mencapai kemandirian benih dalam rangka mewujudkan swasembada padi berkelanjutan, pada tahun 2015-2019 pemerintah mencanangkan program 1000 Desa Mandiri Benih (DMB)

This study explores the potential of small-scale modular manufacturing systems to support industrialization in Uganda, addressing challenges like inadequate infrastructure, unreliable energy, and a reliance on imports. By leveraging modular systems, the research aims to optimize efficiency, resource use, and cost-effectiveness. The study uses a mixed-methods approach to assess the feasibility, barriers, and benefits of adopting modular manufacturing in Uganda. Findings suggest that while there are challenges, modular systems can improve cost reduction, resource utilization, and scalability. The study recommends focusing on infrastructure, financial support, and technical training to foster sustainable industrial growth and global competitiveness.

This study examines the challenges and opportunities in Nigeria’s agribusiness sector using qualitative methods, including 28 in-depth interviews, 4 focus group discussions, and 36 key informant interviews across four states. A SWOT analysis highlights strengths like abundant land, a young population, and government support, alongside weaknesses such as low technology use, poor infrastructure, and educational gaps. Opportunities include commercial farming, agrotourism, and foreign investment, while threats involve insecurity, climate change, and skill deficiencies. The study emphasizes public–private collaboration and proposes strategies like improving policy environments, enhancing food safety, boosting human capacity, and increasing financial access to drive productivity and sustainability in the sector. These strategies collectively contribute to SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production by promoting sustainable practices in agriculture, which are vital for long-term environmental and economic sustainability.

Background and Objective: This study focuses on the critical issues of sustainable agriculture and social
justice, emphasizing the pivotal role of agriculture in reshaping global development towards sustainability.
It specifically highlights the inadequate compensation faced by African women farmers in policy
development, despite their vital contributions to food production. The study aims to address the gender
disparities in maize production efficiency in Ondo State, Nigeria, by incorporating entrepreneurial
competencies into the analysis. Materials and Methods: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed
to gather data for this study. A total of 372 maize farmers in Ondo State were selected as the sample size.
The study collected comprehensive data on gender-specific influences on production efficiency through
this sampling method. Results: The analysis of the gathered data revealed significant inefficiencies in
maize production in Ondo State. Both male and female-owned farms were found to be sensitive to input
variables, showcasing gender-specific nuances. The findings highlight the need to promote improved
maize varieties and optimize agrochemical usage to enhance production efficiency. Furthermore,
it is imperative to tackle gender-related barriers in obtaining land for sustainable maize farming.
Conclusion: To sum up, this research not only adds to academic discussions but also offers practical
guidance for policymakers, extension services and development professionals

Dairy farming is a cornerstone of agricultural livelihoods in Sri Lanka's Mahaweli System
H, particularly in the Eppawala Block. This study investigates the socio-economic
profiles, management practices, and challenges faced by 250 dairy farmers in this region,
where crop and livestock production are vital for poverty alleviation. While Eppawala
contributes about 7.1% of the national milk output, farmers encounter significant barriers
such as high production costs, limited grazing lands, inconsistent water availability, and
inadequate marketing infrastructure. The survey revealed that dairy farming is
predominantly a supplementary income source, with only a minority earning over Rs.
50,000 monthly through entrepreneurial practices. Key constraints include escalating feed
costs, poor access to quality breeding stock, and limited youth involvement. Furthermore,
insufficient veterinary care, credit facilities, and milk collection networks exacerbate
these challenges. Despite these issues, the findings highlight the potential for targeted
interventions to unlock growth. Enhancing resource access, promoting sustainable feed
and fodder practices, and strengthening capacity-building initiatives are critical steps.
Strategies such as improved pasture management, incentivizing local dairy processing,
and creating efficient market linkages could transform the sector. These adaptive
measures, supported by robust policies, are essential to transition dairy farming from
subsistence to a market-oriented industry. This study underscores the importance of
addressing socio-economic and infrastructural constraints to bolster rural livelihoods,
enhance national milk self-sufficiency, and harness the untapped potential of dairy
farming in dry zone agriculture.

This study assesses the extent to which market access determine commercialisation among the smallholder dairy farmers in Zimbabwe. A total of 225 smallholder dairy farming households, randomly selected from 11 milkproducing cooperatives in Zimbabwe were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Tobit, regression model. The empirical results indicated that the proportion of farmers' milk delivered to the market was significantly affected by the mode of transport used to carry the milk from the farmer's homes to the market. The results show that farmers using more efficient though costly transport mechanisms such as a car, tractor, or motorcycle were more likely to get their milk to the market not only on time but also in good condition. Farmers using primitive methods of carrying the milk to the market such as walking on foot, wheelbarrow or bicycle were often only able to deliver once per day though commercial dairy cows are regularly milked more than once per day. The study stresses the need to find locally relevant milk transport mechanisms such as the corporate hiring of vehicles motorcycles or tractors by farmers residing close to each other to promote efficiency and profitability among the smallholder dairy farmers.

Apple is an important fruit grown in Nepal. But apple yield per hectare in Nepal is very low compared to other countries resulting perhaps from inefficient use of inputs at farmers' level. To investigate into the fact, the study was conducted at farmers' level in Mustang district of Nepal with a sample of 80 apple growers applying Cobb-Douglas production function model. The functional analysis revealed that some input, such as human labour, manure, pesticides, trainingpruning and irrigation were underutilized. Result of the study also inferred that the apple farmers although economically more rational in some cases, were not using resources at an optimum level. Uneconomic utilization of inputs on apple field resulted in decreasing return to scale.

Modern age makes use of Digital Marketing techniques for mass communication in most of the cases. Not just has it reduced the marketing cost by its effectiveness, but it has also enabled the business owners to reach the customers in a better way. It also aids in analysing and reviewing data on customers behaviours so that the wellness entrepreneurs can layout more proficient strategies for achieving business objectives. (Sheoliha et al 2023). There have been several studies done at health sector leverage on Digital Marketing. That being said of the numerous digital marketing option available to rural health sector the exploration is still yet to begin in India. Purpose of study: The present study identifies the factors affecting the usage of Digital Marketing for Business Promotion by the wellness entrepreneurs of Southern Odisha. Method: The study utilizes hybrid model of UTAUT and TOE. It analyses the response of 386 respondents from the region. regression analysis was used to test hypotheses.

The present study investigates the evolution and impact of organic farming and sustainable agriculture movements in India, a country distinguished by diverse agro-climatic conditions and a strong agricultural heritage. The study investigates the circumstances under which these movements have arisen as reactions to the environmental and social issues presented by traditional, chemical-intensive agricultural methods. An analysis of the socio-economic advantages of organic farming, such as increased food security, improved health outcomes, and enhanced livelihoods for small and marginal farmers, is conducted by examining the roles of government policies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and grassroots initiatives. It also addresses the challenges faced by farmers in implementing organic practices, such as limited market access, verification barriers, and lack of experience. Through the analysis of case studies from various areas, this research aims to provide insights into the role of organic farming in sustainable rural development, environmental conservation, and India's agricultural future.

Pangan merupakan komoditas penting dan strategis bagi bangsa Indonesia
mengingat pangan adalah kebutuhan dasar manusia yang harus dipenuhi oleh
pemerintah dan masyarakat secara bersama-sama seperti diamanatkan oleh
Undang Undang Nomor 7 tahun 1996 tentang pangan. Dalam UU tersebut
disebutkan Pemerintah menyelenggarakan pengaturan, pembinaan,
pengendalian dan pengawasan, sementara masyarakat menyelenggarakan
proses produksi dan penyediaan, perdagangan, distribusi serta berperan
sebagai konsumen yang berhak memperoleh pangan yang cukup dalam jumlah
dan mutu, aman, bergizi, beragam, merata, dan terjangkau oleh daya beli
mereka

Ketahanan pangan adalah salah satu komponen krusial dalam menjamin stabilitas sosial dan ekonomi suatu negara. Di Indonesia, ketahanan pangan menjadi isu yang sangat penting mengingat jumlah penduduk yang besar dan ketergantungan pada sektor pertanian. Sistem ekonomi Indonesia, dengan beragam kebijakan dan strategi, berperan penting dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan melalui pengelolaan produksi, distribusi, dan harga pangan. Artikel ini akan membahas hubungan antara sistem ekonomi Indonesia dan ketahanan pangan nasional, tantangan yang dihadapi, serta upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan yang berkelanjutan.

The purpose of the study is to assess the technical and financial feasibility of procurement investment Tray Dryer fueled biomass to operations of coconut shell charcoal briquette in PT. Tropica Nucifera Industry. The result showed that investment-Tray Dryer on cocnut shell charcoal briquette bussiness was highly feasibile both the technical and financial aspects. The technical aspect was seen that the quantity-production capabilities of coconut shell charcoal briquettes using a dryer-Tray Dryer could be increased 15 percent compared the previous consdition-used of solar energy. While the quality of the charcoal briquettes produced from Tray Dryer was a much butter quality, moisture content (6.39%); ash (2.65%); carbon-bound (85.83%), compared to using sunlight, water content (15.89); ash (2.57%) and carbon-bound (77.32%).The financial aspects of procurement Tray Dryer investment that its value was more feasible than previous, nothing Tray Dryer. Coconut shell charcoal briquet enter...

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of farm production and Farmers' Characteristics on Poverty Reduction in the Benue division in the Northern region of Cameroon. Data were collected from 399 respondents using a self-administered questionnaire through a stratified sampling technique of 12 subdivisions in the Benue division. We adopted a survey research design. To estimate our results, we used Multiple correspondent analysis (MCA) and the OLS technique. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between farm production and poverty reduction in Benue state. An increase in farm production will lead to a 2.19% reduction in farmers' poverty in Benue and this result is significant at a 5% level of significance. Similarly, the farmer's characteristics reveal that gender, farmers' experience, and educational level also significantly affect poverty reduction. In this light, there is a need for the government to train and deploy more extension workers in the various subdivisions and communities in Benue division, to increase farmers' access to these services. This can be done by imparting specific skills to produce dominant food crops and livestock in the Benue division through workshops and seminars.

Este artigo objetivou identificar as fontes de crescimento das principais culturas agrícolas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul no período de 2006 a 2017. A análise foi realizada por meio do modelo shift-share, também conhecido como estrutural-diferencial. Os fatores explicativos da evolução da produção foram os efeitos área, rendimento e localização geográfica. As alterações na área cultivada foram subdivididas em efeito escala e substituição. Os resultados mostram que o setor agrícola sul-mato-grossense é muito dependente das culturas da soja, milho e cana-de-açúcar. Mostram também que, entre os fatores explicativos, o que mais se destacou foi o efeito escala, positivo em todo o período e subperíodos analisados. Por fim, conclui-se que o aumento da produção se deu mais em decorrência da expansão da área cultivada do que por ganhos de produtividade, evidenciando-se a existência de um setor agrícola pouco dinâmico no estado. Palavras-chave: Culturas temporárias. Dinâmica produtiva. Shi...

This study aimed to analyze the profitability of sampled pineapple farmers, processors, and marketers in Ghana, which will help to assess how these actors optimize available resources to generate profits and achieve production efficiency. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used with interview schedules as the data collection instruments. The sample size was 320, 66, and 169, pineapple farmers, processors, and marketers respectively. The study found that pineapple production and processing were profitable, but marketing was not. The results showed a significant difference in the profit share of the group actors, highlighting that the profit share of each actor along the pineapple value chain is different. The results also showed that income, capital, and planting materials were the main determinants of farmers' profits. On the other hand, capital, pineapples, and packaging materials were the predictors of processors' profits. While transport, revenue, and loading and unloading costs predicted the marketer's profit. Based on these findings, the study recommended that NGOs and other partner agencies promote the pineapple industry in various ways to reduce poverty by providing credit facilities to actors to increase their productivity, profitability, and sustainability.

Unsustainable agricultural development has an impact on land damage, decreased water quality, increased critical land and it is hoped that agriculture will transform towards sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is development that considers economic, ecological and social dimensions, so that agricultural development can be enjoyed by current and future generations. Sustainable agricultural development requires human resources as agents of change. The existence of Vocational High Schools in agriculture as a subsystem of national education is expected to produce graduates who have competence in the agricultural sector. Research on the process of conveying sustainable agribusiness messages through the role of Vocational High School graduates uses a phenomenological approach to understand the experiences of research subjects. The research subjects were graduates of Vocational High Schools who worked as farmers and extension workers with the sampling technique using snowball ...

This study examines the historical patterns in sugarcane farming and output in India, analyzing shifts that have occurred in the past few decades. The research offers a thorough analysis of sugarcane areas and production levels, presenting a full account of their changes from the early 20th century to the present. Important areas of concentration encompass regional disparities in cultivation and production, the ramifications of technical progress, and the sway of economic and regulatory shifts. The study emphasizes notable variations in the size of sugarcane cultivation and its productivity, ascribing these patterns to factors such as climatic conditions, agricultural techniques, and governmental actions. This research endeavors to uncover the primary factors responsible for changes in the sugarcane sector by analyzing historical data and patterns. Additionally, it intends to provide valuable insights into future advancements in this field. The findings enhance comprehension of the factors influencing sugarcane production in India and establish a basis for strategic planning and policy development to tackle existing challenges and possibilities in the industry.

This paper explores the agro-based processed food industry, examining its key trends, challenges, and growth opportunities. It delves into how agro-industries contribute to processed food production and market expansion. The study provides strategic insights into innovations, market dynamics, and the sector's overall impact on the economy.

The inability of farmers to access inputs at the right time coupled with high exorbitant prices of farm inputs and incentives has created good atmosphere for the sustainability of contract farming in Nigeria. This study analysed Livelihood Status of Rice Contract Farmers in Benue State of Nigeria. Sample sizes of 137 rice farmers were selected using multi-stage sampling method. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as (frequency, percentages and mean), livelihood status index and factor analysis. The findings revealed that 83.9% of contract rice farmers were male with mean age of 45 years. The mean size of farm land under contract farming and farming experience were 1.3 hectares and 25.5 years respectively. The most perceived benefits accruable from contract farming were contract farming help farmers in diversification of agricultural enterprise (̅ =4.92) and also improved farmers well-being/livelihood status (̅ =4.88). Further findings showed that majority of the respondents 79.6% had highly improved livelihood status. The major constraints faced by rice farmers were unforeseen future problem (0.9141), breach of contract by the farmers (0.9038) and delay in payment by the contracting firms (0.9030). It is recommended that more lands should be allocated for contract farming in the study area. Also, contracting firms should speed up the delivery of inputs to rice farmers.

It is well known that Information, and communication technology, (ICT) has, in many ways, improved the quality of life. It has also changed the way businesses promote themselves. Application of Information and communication technology for business promotion is often termed as Digital Marketing. It is a very effective tool available for marketing. its effectiveness has not only reduced marketing costs but also assisted business owners in improving customer engagement. Additionally, it aids in gathering and analysing consumer behaviour data to enable business owners to develop more effective plans for achieving their objectives. In 2023, Sheoliha et al. Numerous research projects have examined how entrepreneurs use digital marketing. Nonetheless, further research needs to be done on how India's rural microentrepreneurs use digital marketing tools. Purpose of study: Presented study aims at Identifying the factors effecting the utilisation of ICT in the form of Digital Marketing by micro entrepreneurs of rural South Odisha. Methodology used: The study employs the combination of UTAUT and TOE model. It is done on the basis of primary data obtained from 386 respondents from the region. The data is then subjected to EFA for factor extraction and CFA for hypothesis testing.

This study aims to determine the quality control of bread in Roti Rizky kendari with the Statistical Quality Control approach. The data used are primary data and secondary data obtained by conducting direct observations of various processes carried out starting from the raw material to the final product. The analytical method used is Statistical Quality Control with four approaches namely inspection sheet, control chart, pareto diagram, and causal diagram. The results of this study indicate that the quality control carried out on bread production in Roti Rizky Kendari's business is still not effective, because there are still products that exceed the tolerance limit set by Roti Rizky which is 5% and from the results of the research the type of disability that occurs is gross defects of 271 packets or 1.74%, charred/charred defects of 382 packets or 2.45%, and outgoing defects of 459 packets or 2.94% and total defects totaling 1,112 or 7.13. From the calculation of the overall Control Chart the number of defective breads in November 2018 is not outside the upper control limit (UCL) as well as for those at the lower control limit (LCL). From the Pareto diagram analysis the most dominant type of disability occurs because the contents come out which is as much as 459 or 41.28%. The results of the causal diagram research are the factors that are the main causes of disability caused by human factors, machines and methods.

This study examines the historical patterns in sugarcane farming and output in India, analyzing shifts that have occurred in the past few decades. The research offers a thorough analysis of sugarcane areas and production levels, presenting a full account of their changes from the early 20th century to the present. Important areas of concentration encompass regional disparities in cultivation and production, the ramifications of technical progress, and the sway of economic and regulatory shifts. The study emphasizes notable variations in the size of sugarcane cultivation and its productivity, ascribing these patterns to factors such as climatic conditions, agricultural techniques, and governmental actions. This research endeavors to uncover the primary factors responsible for changes in the sugarcane sector by analyzing historical data and patterns. Additionally, it intends to provide valuable insights into future advancements in this field. The findings enhance comprehension of the factors influencing sugarcane production in India and establish a basis for strategic planning and policy development to tackle existing challenges and possibilities in the industry.

Agriculture serves as the cornerstone of Zimbabwe's economy, supplying more than 60% of the raw materials needed by various industries. Additionally, it constitutes 40% of the country's total exports, making it the primary contributor to export revenue. Notably, tobacco accounts for 50% of these exports, solidifying its position as the largest contributor within the agricultural sector. The remarkable growth in tobacco production can be attributed to small-scale producers who gained empowerment through the Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP). Despite the prosperity and expansion observed in tobacco production, an inherent risk persists, particularly among new farmers. The absence of safety nets to cushion against adverse events poses a significant challenge in this critical sector. Consequently, this study aims to examine the factors influencing crop insurance adoption by tobacco farmers. We employed a concise and validated closed-ended questionnaire, collecting data from 121 farmers. Subsequently, we conducted an econometric analysis using a logistic model in STATA V 11 to explore the determinants of crop insurance uptake. The research findings indicate that several factors significantly influence the uptake of crop insurance among tobacco farmers. These factors include tobacco farming experience, level of education (measured in school years), frequency of extension officer visits, and the farmer's income. Despite these influential factors, the adoption of tobacco insurance remains low, with a considerable number of tobacco farmers unaware of the insurance schemes offered by insurance companies. In summary, the study underscores the pivotal role of tobacco as a major contributor to foreign currency and employment in Zimbabwe. Recognizing the economic significance of tobacco exports, the paper recommends that Zimbabwean tobacco farmers embrace more formal risk management strategies, such as agricultural insurance, to safeguard and consolidate the gains they have achieved thus far.

About 7.7 million people are facing acute malnutrition and need food assistance from the World Food Program. The major drivers of food insecurity in South Sudan are civil wars, political instability, communal conflict, and climate change. The increasing food and fuel prices, displacement, poor harvests, and high inflation continues to reduce households&amp;#39; purchasing power, with people unable to meet their basic needs. The objective of this research is to suggest solutions to alleviate food insecurity and increase food production and household incomes for smallholder farmers in Country. To get a better understanding of the food insecurity situation in South Sudan, multiple documents were reviewed including the Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP) for the Government of South Sudan and special reports. Despite the food insecurity in the country, huge opportunities such as large arable land, lengthy cropping seasons, diverse and nutritious crops, suitable land for livestock rearing, rivers with abundant fish exist in South Sudan. To maximize productivity, South Sudan needs to double food production through private and public partnership to enhance access to high quality inputs, improve extension service delivery, invest in tools and machines for opening up more arable land, a shift from using rudimental tools to mechanized agriculture. Improving Animal health and nutrition, commercializing livestock by introducing value addition technologies for livestock products i.e., milk, hides and skin, beef, and mutton. Strengthening the enabling policy environment and partnerships at community level through a private sector led initiative are vital. To the government needs to be supported, both financially and capacity wise, to review and implement the investment plan in CAMP. To enhance the growth of the private sector there is a need to design programs to sustainably transit from humanitarian to development.

Farming under greenhouses provides a controlled setting for agricultural crops, resulting in consistent production regardless of external conditions. This review discusses the impact of organic manure on tomato cultivation in greenhouses, with an emphasis on soil health, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability. With limited technical knowledge available for greenhouse vegetable production, particularly inorganic systems, this study aims to improve understanding of nutrient management strategies and encourage sustainable agriculture practices. Sustainable agriculture, guided by concerns about ecological balance and long-term viability, emphasizes the need to abandon traditional chemical-based farming practices. Organic nitrogen, an essential component of sustainable farming, has not been explored as compared to inorganic species due to sampling and measurement problems. The use of protected cultivation techniques, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (particularly Nigeria) and Asia, provides prospects to improve food security and economic development. In the wider context of tomato agriculture, choosing proper varieties, soil management, irrigation techniques, disease management, and the use of compost and cover crops are all essential to optimizing yield and sustainability. This review sheds light on the possible use of organic manure to improve tomato production in greenhouse environments by thoroughly reviewing the available literature.

This research delves into an examination of how Nigeria's non-export Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been influenced by the export activities in the agricultural, manufacturing and oil sectors during the timeframe spanning from 1962 to 2019. Given Nigeria's reliance on oil as a driving force for its economy, the primary goal is to analyse the enduring and immediate consequences of these export sectors on both non-export GDP and real GDP. Materials and Methods: Extensive data spanning from 1962 to 2019 were collected and analyzed. The study employs statistical techniques to assess the significance and direction of the impacts of agricultural, manufacturing and oil exports on economic indicators. The analysis also considers the correction of deviations from long-run equilibrium in the current period. Results: In the long run, the study finds that agricultural exports and exchange rates have statistically significant and positive impacts on the non-export GDP. In contrast, manufacturing exports exhibit a negative influence on both the non-export GDP and real GDP. Notably, oil exports are statistically significant, negatively affecting real GDP but having no significant impact on the non-export GDP. Additionally, the study reveals that previous period deviations from long-run equilibrium are corrected at an adjustable speed of 4%. Conclusion: In the short run, the research demonstrates that a unit change in agricultural and manufacturing exports leads to a 0.02% decline and a 0.03% increase in economic growth, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of value addition in agricultural exports to enhance competitiveness and maximize returns.

Adamua konflik kepentingan penggunaan lahan untuk tanaman pangan dan pakan ternak menjadikan kendala bagi pengambangan sapi potong terutama di Jawa, sehingga impor daging sapi tidak bisa dihindari. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) evaluasi ekonomi budidaya jagung dibandingkan padi sebagai tanaman pangan dan oakan ternak di daerah irigasi setengah teknis di Kecamatan Piyungan Kabupaten Bantul, dan (2) menentukan kemampuan lahan dalam menghasilkan hijauan pakan sapi potong pada satuan luas tanaman jagung dan padi. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan untuk pengukuran produksi jagung dan padi pada lahan garapan milik 6 petani responden di lokasi penelitian yang terletak dalam satu hamparan masing-masing 3 petani jagung dan padi. Pengambilan sampel produksi dilakukan dengan metode ubinan 1.5x1.5 m pada lima bagian pada setiapo lahan milik petani responden. sampel tanaman saat panen dipotong dengan sabit selanjutnya ditimbang untuk diketahui berat segarnya dari produk utama sebagai bahan pangan dan...