18th & 19th Centuries

Roles of Food on the European Stage" -Thomas Marti, "L'arrière-cuisine au-devant de la scène. La Comedia Tinellaria ou les plaisirs d'une satire de la table" -João Pedro Gomes and Guida Cândido, "Sweet Tooth and Bitter Tables. Between Materialities and Metaphors in the Dramaturgy of Gil Vicente (D. 1536) and António Ribeiro Chiado (D. 1590)" -François Rémond, "Carnaval et carême. Métaphores alimentaires dans la farce baroque" -Théo Gibert, "Des Festins de Pierre avant Don Juan. ' L'endurcissement au péché' de Luís da Cruz à Molière" -Emilia Wilton-Godberfforde, "Dining with Dom Juan and the Dead. 'Voulez-vous souper avec moi?…'" -Silvia Manciati, "La faim d' Arlequin sur la scène de la Comédie-Italienne de Paris dans la seconde moitié du xviii e siècle" -Jan Clarke, "Food and Drink On Stage and Off (1660-1700)" -Sabine Chaouche, "'Bombance demeurez, et vous Ripaille aussi'. La Comédie-Française et l'inventivité culinaire au xviii e siècle" -Laurène Haslé, "'On mangera de véritables côtelettes' ! Mise en scène de repas sous la direction de Montigny au Théâtre du Gymnase (1844-1880)" -Debra Kelly, "Varieties of Taste. Intertwined Histories and Geographies of Theatres and Restaurants in Late Nineteenth-Century London" -Nathalie Coutelet, "Boire au café-concert. Sur scène et dans la salle" -Erika Natalia Molina-Garcia, "Taste and Time. An Essay on the Phenomenology of Hunger and Theatre" -Marie Duveau, "L'heure de se mettre à table. Cuisiner le récit dans Saïgon de Caroline Guiela Nguyen et Mère de Wajdi Mouawad" European Drama and Performance Studies 2024 -2, n o 23 Edited by Sabine Chaouche and Clara Édouard European Drama and Performance Studies Stage and Plate. Eating and Starving in European Drama and Theatres (16th-19th century) 2024 -2, n o 23

The noble comitat in the first half of the 19th century

Before 1848 central government authorities usually managed upper level state
administration, middle and low level public administration and jurisdiction were
handled by local authorities. Hungary of the age consisted of independent municipalities,
including 46 Hungarian, 3 Slavonian, 3 Croation comitats, 4 independent districts, 47
free royal towns. Among all municipalities, the comitats were the most significant. The oldest and most prominent base institution of Hungarian administration, founded in the 11th century and still standing, is the comitatus/comitat. Main proportion of the country’s
territory and 90% of the population belonged to the authority of the comitats.
Three main comitat types can be distinguished historically. The Royal comitat,
founded by St. Istvan in the 11th century, was the most important local organization of
the royalty handling administration and jurisdiction, directly depending from the King.
Replacing the royal comitat structure, due to the economic and political changes at the
beginning of the 13th century, the noble comitat began to represent the local interests
of the gentry population more effectively. The noble comitat structure survived more
than seven centuries until the changes in the mid 19th century induced the development
of the state comitats.

The jurisdiction of the noble comitat

The structure and functions of the noble comitats had been definitely established
by the mid 16th century showing significant divergence from the royal comitats.
Numerous important privileges of the noble comitat is related to legislation. The lower
house of the feudal parliament consisted entirely of comitat representatives, who
owed responsibility exclusively to the represented comitat. Their vote and standpoint
depended upon the comitat’s decree. The comitat had the right to pass legislation about
issues which had no legal provisions, or just general regulations were enacted about.
These legislative rules were legally binding for everyone without royal consent.
The country’s administrative tasks on middle and lower levels were managed by
the comitats where they have achieved significant privileges: the comitats executed
the laws, but refused to do so, if they considered the decree unconstitutional. The
collection of taxes for the state was carried out by the comitats locally and not by
central agencies, furthermore, the comitats arranged accommodation and board for
the soldiers, as well. The comitats had the right to collect local taxes from which their
operational expenses were covered. The comitat enjoyed considerable autonomy in executing administrative tasks including appointing its officials, determining their salaries, and deciding on their dismissal. It also asserted administrative influence over the towns and settlements on its territory, made decision on county seats, and possessed its own armed forces. The comitat’s jurisdiction was based on a totally independent organization with considerably wide scope of jurisdiction. The highest level of organization was presented by the sedria, the court of first instance in penal and civil law issues. It also represented the senior court for lower level county jurisdiction and feudal administrative organs. Litigation was performed by freely appointed judges and the penalty was executed in the county’s own prison.
Due to the increasing independence and the strengthening autonomy, the nobel
comitat could represent an independent political power, although the given time, the
last phase of the Napoleon wars, was a considerably peaceful period. The comitat’s
extended rights had gained serious political potentials which were demonstrated in the
upcoming decades, especially in the Reform Era.
As opposed to the direct regal governance of the royal comitat, the nobel comitat
had privileges which made its jurisdiction exclusive in executing state affairs. This
extensive autonomy had developed because of the gentry’s lobbyist role. In itself the
nobel community possessed absolute power claiming exclusivity in governance and
excluding masses of not nobles, not accepted denomination and women.
The structure and operation of a noble comitat in the first half of the 19th century
Resulting from such high-level independence, there was limitless possibility for
enforcing claims in everyday operations. Therefore, certain comitats used different
methods, in some cases even opposing ones, for solving questionable issues. Each
comitat had developed into an independent closed entity. Due to this characteristic, the
structure and operation of the noble comitat will be examined through the example of
Bihar comitat.

The direction of the comitat: general assembly

The highest level of decision making and governing organization was the general
meeting (generalis congregatio), its scope of authority included all questions relating to
the comitat and its population. The assembly was convened in every three months, but
if needed a so-called particular assembly (particularis congregatio) was announced.
The assembly was held at the beginning of the 19th century in the Varadolaszi part
of Nagyvarad. Before the end of the 18th century, assembly was held in Varad in the
winter, and in the summer the town of Bihar, Dioszeg, Kis-Marja or Debrecen provided
location for it. All noblemen living in the comitat had the right to be present at the general assembly, however, participation was usually quite low, since not everyone could afford the related expenses. Non-nobles could be present as well, however, they could not vote
or participate in discussions. Decisions of the assembly usually made in the interests
of the wealthiest and most powerful nobles (bene possessionati). The assmebly itself
followed a certain script: first, the decrees of dicasterium and the King were discussed,
which was followed by local affairs and individual petitions. Most questions were
already processed and ready made for voting before they were presented in front of the
noblemen, therefore real discussions hardly ever took place. After the end of the 17th
century, reports were prepared containing the rulings of the assembly.

"Szirák Péter: A levélről szóló minikonferenciánk [Debreceni Irodalmi Napok 2024] előadásait Bódi Katalin, a Debreceni Egyetem docense, Szilágyi Zsófia, a Szegedi Tudományegyetem professzora és Guld Ádám, a Pécsi Tudományegyetem docense tartották. A most következő kerekasztal-beszélgetésen kiegészülünk Pataky Adrienn-nel, az ELTE biopoétikai kutatócsoportjának tagjával, az Irodalmi Magazin és az Irodalomtörténet szerkesztőjével, aki más mellett foglalkozott Babits Mihály és Gellért Oszkár, valamint Nemes Nagy Ágnes és Lengyel Balázs levelezésével."

Entre 1724 & 1728, Joseph FAUCHIER, qui a perdu ses meilleurs ouvriers (Louis CARBONEL, qui partira à Gardanne, Sébastien CARBONEL, Joseph OLERYS, Antoine GRAS, Pierre MARIZI qui partiront pour Alcora) va s’installer à son compte et recruter de nouveaux faïenciers pour remplacer ceux partis.

_ 1727. Il va se tourner vers Moustiers.

La trajectoire d'un corps de ville de Charente à l'époque moderne à partir d'un éventail varié de sources (registres de "mésées", documents fiscaux, lettres patentes royales, papiers d'Artois pour la châtellenie de Cognac principalement) qui permet de comprendre la transition politique d'un corps de ville privilégié à un corps de ville normalisé à la veille de la Révolution française.

Jean Chapelot, directeur de recherche au CNRS Archeologie medievale en Ile-de-France L’archeologie medievale est une discipline dont le developpement est le fait des trente dernieres annees. L’objectif de ce seminaire, cree en 2001-2002, a ete de faire en deux ans une part du bilan des recherches des quinze dernieres annees en l’Ile-de-France. Pour ce faire, la parole est donnee aux protagonistes de ces recherches, dans toute la diversite de leur statut. Il a ete fait appel cette annee a une ...

V snahe postupného odhaľovania hudobnej minulosti Nitry, s ťažiskom na obdobie 18. a 19. storočia, text upriamuje pozornosť na hudobnú kultúru rehole piaristov v Nitre v porovnaní s nitrianskym biskupským dvorom v danom období na základe hudobných inventárov. Najzásadnejším prameňom, ktorý je spätý s piaristami v Nitre, je inventár hudobnín nitrianskeho piaristického chrámu, Inventarium Chori Nitriensis Scholarum Piarum 1749, ktorého prepis je prílohou.

This paper will focus on changes in family structures related to enlisting in the military (as recruits) and leaving the military service (as invalids and veterans). During recruitment, nobility did not leave the initiative only to press-corp officers. Seigniorial officials sought to guarantee a steady influx of the population to the military service, especially by enlisting individuals from lower social strata whose future was uncertain. The aim of this research is to find out if different social classes (farmers, peasants, cottagers) needed to replace a recruit leaving their homestead by hired labour force. Not only invalids, but also other veterans argued about their poor health, frequent diseases and high age in requests for discharge. We will also devote attention to questions of geographical, spatial mobility and escape strategies (by deserters). These issues will be explored using archive materials including lists of subjects, parish registers, land registers and record materials. On the basis of the quantity and quality of extant sources and differences in settlement structure, two South Bohemian areas have been selected for the study: the estates of Protivin and Trebon.

Assiettes creuses, circulaires, à bordures à 6 pointes
intercalées d'accolades à centres plats,
à fonds plats, et bordures plates. D = 25,5cm
en faïence de grand feu, dont une avec dorure 
& 
Assiettes à 6 accolades à bordures plates
de l’atelier de FAUCHIER.

Dal momento che la civiltà contemporanea si fonda in misura sempre crescente sulla diffusione e la copiosità delle informazioni, e di conseguenza si manifesta un sempre crescente interesse da parte del pubblico per la divulgazione di ogni manifestazione culturale, ci pare giusto che anche la biblioteca partecipi a questo processo di « comynicazione del sapere ». Naturalmente con modi e. criteri opportuni, cercando di sfuggire al pericolo cU effimere occasioni espositive, grazie ad un'adeguata programmazione che tenga conto delle caratteristiche interne dell'istituto e che si ponga in rapporto dialettico con -altre istituzioni culturali ,e con il« territorio ». La mostra librllrta organizzata presso la biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio nel corrente anno può rientrare nella categol;"ia ;delle j.llOstre « speciali» 1 ,in quanto a differenza di quelle che illustrano genericamente i tesori di una biblioteca è strutturata attorno ad un argomento puntuale: «l'immagine dell'antico tra Settecento e Ottocento. Libri d'archeologia nella Biblioteca Comunale dell'Ar~ chiginnasio ». L'intento è stotico oltre che artistico: si è cercato di mettere a fuoco un fenomeno culturale -le trasf()rmazioni avvenute nell'ambito della disciplina archeologica -all'interno di un ben determinato periodo, individuando rapporti e influssi reci-.

Анализируется деятельность российского правительства в отношении развития инфраструктуры высшего образования в
северо-западных губерниях в XIX – начале XX в. в контексте политики социальной, культурной, экономической, политической унификации региона в общеимперский организм. Изучаются причины ликвидации учреждений высшего образования к середине XIX в. Анализируются аргументы и контраргументы региональных и имперских элит, выдвигаемых в пользу восстановления инфраструктуры высшего образования в регионе с учетом динамики изменений политической и социально-экономической ситуации в империи во второй половине XIX – начале XX в.

Cabe a um especialista na área (ou áreas) periodológica(s) que cada volume compreende, a responsabilidade (eventualidade em co-autoria) da sua organização interna, designadamente no que diz respeito à distribuição dos capítulos, à elaboração de introduções e bibliografias e à escolha de textos.

Albania in the Early Middle Ages.
The Byzantine geographer of the 5th century, Hierocles Synecdemus,  shows that in the Illyrian provinces at that time there were 20 settlements considered as cities. This number corresponds to the data of the church councils of the time, since almost all the large cities were also episcopal sees. Such were Skodra (Shkodër), Lisi (Lezhë), Dyrrachium (Durrës), Scampini (Elbasan), Skupi (Shkupi), Ulpiana (near Pristina), Lychnidis (Ohër), Apollonia (Fier), Bylisi Amantia, Aulona (Vlorë), Butroi (Butrint), Onhesmi, Phoenicia (Finiq) and Hadrianopolis-Justiniapolis.

Trump vil kjøpe Grønland. Det sjokkerer de fleste, men slikt har vaert prøvd før. Kjøp og salg var et velkjent verktøy i imperialismen tid. Vi trenger ikke å gå lenger tilbake enn til 1946 da Danmark takket nei til en høyt bud på Grønland. Forestillingen om det amerikanske kontinent som et domene eller en interessesfaere for USA oppstod i kjølvannet av løsrivelsen fra England i 1776. I 1823 formulerte president James Monroe det som siden har gått under navnet Monroe-doktrinen. Monroe skisserte to separate innflytelsessfaerer: Amerika og Europa. Doktrinen innebar at europeiske land heretter måtte holde hendene vekke fra Nord-og Sør-Amerika, dette var USAs interessesfaere (domene). USA anerkjente likevel de davaerende europeiske kolonier på de amerikanske kontinentene, og ville heller ikke blande seg inn europeisk politikk.

La relevancia de Cancún como destino turístico en el Caribe no pasa desapercibida; actualmente recibe poco más de la cuarta parte del turismo internacional en México. Mientras sus visitantes sólo identifican el espectáculo ofrecido por el paisaje y los lugares de esparcimiento, los residentes se limitan a la cotidianidad, ignorando el disfrute del lugar, así como de su historia, lo cual hace necesaria la escritura de una historiografía accesible a todo público que destaque la importancia y complejidad de su pasado.

Este artículo tiene como propósito resaltar la participación que tuvo Cancún en el desarrollo de la historia del Caribe y, en consecuencia, del Océano Atlántico durante el siglo XVIII a través del comercio, la piratería, el contrabando y la pesca. Su ubicación estratégica le dotó de cierto protagonismo en la ruta de La Habana a Panamá.

(Diacronías, 17, 30, febrero de 2025)

Der Thüringisch-Sächsische Altertumsverein entstand 1819. Aus Anlass des 200-jährigen Gründungs jubiläums fanden in Schulpforte zwei Tagungen statt, die gemeinsam vom Landes heimatbund Sachsen-Anhalt und der Stiftung Schulpforta veranstaltet wurden. Ein 2022 erschienener Band präsentierte erste Tagungsergebnisse, die der zweite Teil vervollständigt. Themen sind u. a. geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklungen um 1800, Persönlichkeiten wie August Adolph Bergner und Christian Ludwig Stieglitz, Forschungen wie jene am Fürstengrabhügel „Bornhöck“ bei Merseburg und an der Stiftskirche Petersberg bei Halle sowie weitere regionalhistorische Institutionen wie die Dessau-Wörlitzer Parklandschaft.

The Thüringisch-Sächsische Altertumsverein was founded in 1819. To mark its 200th anniversary, two conferences were held in Schulpforte, jointly organized by the Landesheimatbund Sachsen-Anhalt and the Stiftung Schulpforta. A volume published in 2022 presented initial conference results, which are complemented by the second part. Topics include intellectual developments around 1800, personalities such as August Adolph Bergner and Christian Ludwig Stieglitz, research such as that on the princely burial mound "Bornhöck" near Merseburg and the Stiftskirche Petersberg near Halle, as well as other regional historical institutions such as the Dessau-Wörlitz Park Landscape.

Capt. Horváth was a hussar officer during the Napoleonic war. He was born and died at Ráckeve. We have a lot of information about his military carrier, and some of his private life. The most famous moment of his life was when he accompanied pope Pius VII. to Rome in the return from France. He received the cross of the Papal Christus Order.

Příspěvek shrnuje poznatky ze záchranného archeologického výzkumu ve Vrčeni (okr. Plzeň-jih)v letech 2018 až 2019. Výzkum byl vyvolán přístavbou nových učeben k areálu stávající základní školy v těsné
blízkosti kostela sv. Vavřince. Zjištěný relikt zaniklé barokní hřbitovní zdi dělí zkoumanou plochu na dvě části. Severní části dominuje objekt středověké vápenné jámy. V jižní části, na ploše raně novověké části
zaniklého hřbitova, bylo zdokumentováno 38 pohřbů v anatomické poloze, celkem 27 dospělých a 11 nedospělých jedinců; odhadnuto šest mužů, sedm žen a jeden indiferentní jedinec. Z plochy zaniklého raně
novověkého hřbitova byla rovněž získána pohřební výbava tvořená třinácti novověkými devocionáliemi (sedmi náboženskými medailkami a šesti latinskými křížky) a jedním oděvním doplňkem – knoflíkem. V kontextu
hrobů číslo 5 a 30 se nalezl soubor 62 drobných mincí. Výzkum kromě zjištění intaktně dochovaných středověkých a raně novověkých situací může přispět k pochopení duchovního světa jedince v období baroka
v malé vesnici na západě Čech.

Shining Cliff Woods holds a unique industrial past that played a role in shaping Derbyshire’s economic and social landscape. Preserving and studying this history is important for several reasons.

Shining Cliff Woods has a wealth of history and lots of remnants of industrial archaeology just lying underfoot, undisturbed for years. The woods have so much more medieval history to it than those large slabs of recent history of the old Wire Works factory, Oakhurst House, or the famous nursery rhyme Hush a Bye Baby.

Even the name Shining Cliff Wood in medieval times was known as “Schymynde-Cliffe” and was part of the seven royal parks within Duffield Frith, which belonged to Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.

The woods borders Alderwasley and Ambergate and were historically significant, but they were not powerful parishes in the same way as major ecclesiastical or urban centres. Instead, they were important industrial and landowning areas within Derbyshire, particularly from the medieval period through the Industrial Revolution.

While Derbyshire is well-known for its mills and mining, the industries in Shining Cliff Woods—charcoal burning, white coal kilns, quarrying, and wire manufacturing—are often overlooked.

• These industries powered the larger Industrial Revolution by supplying materials for smelting, construction, and transport.
• Many of the structures and remnants are at risk of disappearing due to natural erosion, vandalism, or development.

2. A Link to Local and National History
• Shining Cliff was directly connected to major industrial sites such as the Derwent Valley Mills and the Ambergate Wireworks.
• Industries here were part of Britain’s wider transformation from a rural society to an industrial powerhouse.
• Understanding these sites helps fill in the gaps of how smaller, hidden industries supported larger industrial centres.

3. Archaeological and Educational Value
• LiDAR technology has revealed hidden features in the landscape, providing new opportunities for archaeological research.
• Schools, universities, and history groups can use this site to study early industrial techniques, woodland management, and historical ecology.
• Public awareness through documentaries, guided walks, and conservation projects can ensure that these stories are not lost.

4. Connection Between Industry and Nature
• Once a heavily industrialised landscape, Shining Cliff Woods has now been reclaimed by nature.
• Understanding the impact of industry on the environment can inform modern discussions on conservation and sustainable resource use.
• It demonstrates the resilience of nature, showing how landscapes evolve over time.

5. Boosting Local Tourism and Interest
• Many people visit Shining Cliff Woods for its beauty, unaware of its rich industrial past.
• Proper interpretation (signs, trails, or digital resources) could enhance visitor experience and attract history enthusiasts.
• Heritage projects can help support the local economy by encouraging tourism linked to Derbyshire’s industrial past.

6. A Sense of Identity and Legacy
• Many families in Derbyshire have ancestors who worked in these industries.
• Preserving and documenting this history connects current generations with their heritage.
• These industries shaped communities, work culture, and technological advancements that still influence us today.

Protecting the Past for the Future
Shining Cliff Woods is more than just a beautiful landscape—it is a living museum of industrial history. Without preservation, these industries could be lost forever. By researching, documenting, and sharing this history, we ensure that future generations can appreciate and learn from the past.

This article examines the relationship between philosophy and
religion in the 18th century. It focuses on Germaine de Staël who, until the
early 1800s, professed a deism that denied supernatural revelation and was
content with natural religion alone. This deist attitude is examined in relation
to the influences it underwent, particularly that of Rousseau, and the
philosophical-religious ideas it conveyed.

Kutsal kitap ve suhufların, nice peygamber, hatif, cin, ehl-i kalb ve erbab-ı ilmin muştuladığı bir peygamber: “Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.).” Dönemin mühim şuarası ve ulemasından bir zat: “Züheyr.” Züheyr’in bir rüyada sarkıtılan ipe tutunamamanın hüznüyle verdiği hayati bir nasihat, bu nasihate muhatap iki güzide evlat ve şair: “Kâ’b ve Büceyr.” Efendiler efendisine intisapla babasının ruhaniyetini memnun eden ve abisinden bir adım ileride olma bahtiyarlığına eren bir oğul: “Büceyr.” Sultanu’ş-şuara, asırlara intikal eden bir başyapıtın mimarı ve bu yapıtın ilham olduğu külliyatın bir nevi müellifi: “Kâ’b.” “Her nasılsa, âlemlerin yaratılış vesilesi olan o yüce zatı ve davasını hicvetme gafletine kapılan Kâ'b’ın pişmanlık, vicdani azap, hıfz-ı hayat saiki ve affa nail olma maksadıyla yazdığı şiiri: “Kaside-i Bürde.” Kaside-i Bürde’ye dair bir eser ve müellifi: “Hâşiye ve Bâcûrî.” Hâşiye için kaleme alınan bir kitap ve yazarı: “Hülâsâ ve Yekgûş.” Velhasıl-ı kelam bağışlama, merhamet ve taltifin bir kumaş suretinde tezahürü: “Hırka-i Saadet.”

La Belle Époque was a period of optimism, peace, economic prosperity. The colonial empires were well established. There were many technological, scientific, and cultural innovations. The arts flourished in Paris and elsewhere. Many masterpieces of literature, music, theatre, and visual art were created.

The Belle Époque was named after the event. It was considered a "Golden Age" in contrast to the horrors of World War I. The Belle Epoque was a period in which, according to historian R.R. Palmer, "European civilization achieved its greatest power in global politics, and also exerted its maximum influence upon peoples outside Europe".
In the United Kingdom, the Belle Époque overlapped with the late Victorian era and the Edwardian era in a period known as Pax Britannica. In Germany, the Belle Époque coincided with the reigns of William I, Frederick III and Wilhelm II. In Italy, with the reigns of Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I and early of the reign of Victor Emmanuel III. In Russia, with the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II.

In the United States, after the Panic of 1873, the same period was called the Gilded Age (1870s–1900s).[3] In Brazil, it started with the end of the Paraguayan War. In Mexico, the period was known as the Porfiriato, and in Japan, it coincided with the Meiji period.

S a ž e t a k U stručnom radu želim prikazati kako se na osnovu dogovora i suradnje dvaju ili više predavača različitih kolegija može podučavati i ocjenjivati na učinkovit način koristeći informatičku tehnologiju. Radi se konkretno o učenju stranog jezika ( njemački jezik ) u korelaciji s kolegijem "Mikroekonomika". Studenti pod mentorstvom obaju predavača prevode knjigu " Interne Märkte in Forschung und Entwicklung"autori Rainer Völker i Eric Kasper,Physica-Verlag,Heidelberg,Deutschland u timskom radu stručnu literaturu (udžbenik sa drugih visokih škola u EU ) i pri tome uče razne prevodilačke tehnike, sažimanje teksta te nov sadržaj iz područja mikroekonomike. Krajnji rezultat je i diplomski rad u kojem se kritički prikaz potrebne literature piše na stranom jeziku.

Resumo: O presente artigo analisa a tese Considerações ácerca da idade critica da mulher, elaborada por Jose Luiz Cardozo, estudante da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, e defendida em 1849. O estudo , conhecida como menopausa, de forma a analisar as implicações médicas e sociais desta fase da vida da mulher. O médico descreve as mudanças físicas e emocionais enfrentadas durante a puberdade e o climatério, bem como oferece prescrições médicas e comportamentais para as mulheres lidarem com o fim de seus anos reprodutivos. Este trabalho busca destacar como a medicina do século XIX patologizou a experiência feminina e restringiu, em diversos níveis, a autonomia das mulheres, contribuindo para a construção de estereótipos de gênero. Objetivase ser capaz de identificar certos fatores que prescreviam posturas e expectativas em relação às mulheres mais velhas, acabando por estabelecer um controle sobre seus comportamentos e o delineamento da moral a ser seguida assim que suas funções procriativas cessassem.

The referred topic has not been examined in educational, popular, or scientific literature yet. St Clement of Rome (who was most likely the third in line of succession to St Peter the Apostle) and themes related to him were also discussed in the official documents of the 19th-century Popes, namely in one brief (In Suprimo, 1839) of Pope Gregory XVI (1831 – 1846) and four encyclicals (Grande Munus, 1880; In Plurimus, 1888; Providentissimus Deus, 1893; Satis Cognitum, 1896) of Pope Leo XIII (1878 – 1903). The personality and work of the referred 1st century AD saint have usually been associated with Sts Constantine-Cyril and Methodius who transferred his relics to Rome in 867/868. However, the aforementioned papal documents bring other aspects of St Clement of Rome into the discussion too.

Genelde İslam ilim geleneği özelde İslam fıkıh müktesebatı “medresî bilgi sistemi” olarak anılan okul ve ekol merkezli kurumlara dayalı olması hasebiyle bu kurumların nesilden nesle aktarımı güçlü kalemlere, muhakkik ve müdekkik zekalara, sistemi sürdürecek nitelikli eserlere bağlı olması gerçeğine uygun olarak İbn Nüceym ailesi; -baba-oğul-torun- “Hanefî fıkhının taşıyıcısı bir ailedir” notları ile kayıtlara geçmiştir. Eserlerinden Fetâvâ-i Zeyniyye başta olmak üzere ve özellikle el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir isimli eseri Osmanlı hinterlandında bilhassa payitaht merkezli fıkıh faaliyetlerinde hem el kitabı olmuş hem de şerh ve haşiyelere konu olmuştur. Şöhreti Osmanlı hinterlandı ile sınırlı kalmamış ayrıca kısa zamanda diğer merkezî şehirlere kadar ulaşmış, örneğin eserleri Babür diyarındaki Fetâvâ-i Hindiyye çalışmalarına bile kaynakça oluşturmuştur.
O, Irak’tan Buhara hattına ve orada olgunlaştıktan sonra Mısır ve Osmanlı hinterlandına intikal eden Maveraünnehir Hanefî mezhebi müktesebatına metin, metin-şerh, usûl, hâşiye, fetvâ ve risâle türü eserler ile katkı sağlamıştır. Bu tür katkıları ile onun hem Orta Asya Hanefî birikiminin yorumlayıcısı hem de Mısır tecrübesinin taşıyıcılığı rolünü üstlendiği söylenebilecektir.
İbn Nüceym, te’lif, metin, metin-şerh, risale ve fetvâ türü eserlerinde mezhebe ve mezhebin kurucu imamının görüşlerine özel atıf yapar. Bu özel atıflarında fıkhın diğer ilimler arasındaki önemine özel vurgu yapar ve hatta fıkıhla iştigalin -özellikle Hanefî mezhebi mesaisinin- gece namazından dahi üstün bir faaliyet olduğunun altını çizer.

(CZ) Kapitola pojednává o nálezech textilu, usně a obuvi z jímky v Plasích.
O knize: Areál bývalého cisterciáckého kláštera Plasy (okr. Plzeň-sever) prošel na sklonku 17. a v průběhu 18. století významnou barokní přestavbou, kdy vznikla také novostavba reprezentativního opatského sídla od architekta Jean Babtisty Matheye a jeho následovníka Jana Blažeje Santiniho Aichela. Objekt tzv. prelatury se v letech 2015–2023 dočkal obnovy a zpřístupnění veřejnosti. Součástí přípravných prací pro realizaci projektu byl mimo jiné zjišťovací záchranný archeologický výzkum a průzkum kanalizačního, vodního a větracího systému. K sondáži bylo vybráno i místo rozvolněné a sesedlé kamenné dlažby na konci rezidenčního křídla prelatury, pod kterou byla objevena a následně i vytěžena jímka barokních záchodů. Exkavační práce vyvrcholily archeologickým výzkumem historického fekálního sedimentu v roce 2017. Jak se potvrdilo, jímka sloužila za fungování záchodů, přibližně mezi lety 1707–1826, také k příležitostnému odhazování odpadu. Bohaté druhové spektrum nálezů, jejich stav dochování i získané množství se stalo podnětem k širokému mezioborovému zpracování výzkumu, jehož výsledky tato kolektivní monografie souhrnně představuje.

(EN) About book: The area of the former Cistercian monastery in Plasy (Plzeň-North district) underwent a significant Baroque reconstruction at the end of the 17th and during the 18th century, when a new representative abbey residence was built by the architect Jean Babtista Mathey and his successor Jan Blažej Santini Aichel. The building of the so-called prelature was renovated and opened to the public between 2015 and 2023. The preparatory work for the implementation of the project included, among other things, a fact-finding rescue archaeological survey and a survey of the sewage, water and ventilation system. The site of the loose and caved-in stone pavement at the end of the residential wing of the prelature was also selected for probing, under which the sump of the Baroque toilets was discovered and subsequently excavated. The excavation work culminated in an archaeological excavation of the historic faecal sediment in 2017. As confirmed, the sump was also used for occasional refuse disposal during the operation of the toilets, between approximately 1707 and 1826. The rich species spectrum of finds, their state of preservation and the quantities recovered have prompted a broad interdisciplinary research effort, the results of which this collective monograph presents in summary.

PILNÁ, Veronika – FIGURA, Jindřich – KOTTOVÁ, Jitka: Textil a usně. (in) WALDMANNOVÁ, Marcela – KRČEK, Jakub: Ústřice a breviář – výpověď barokní jímky v klášteře Plasy. Plzeň, Národní památkový ústav 2023. ISBN 978-80-85035-60-5. s. 70 – 81.

Essai sur Tabrogation de l'article 135 des Statuts et règlements généraux (1854)(1855)(1856)(1857)(1858)(1859)(1860)(1861)(1862)(1863)(1864)(1865)(1866)(1867)(1868)(1869)(1870) par André MIROIR «Il n'existe et il n'a jamais existé qu'une seule association faisant de la liberté son fondement, son but, sa méthode, le ciment de ses membres: c'est la Franc-Maçonnerie». P. Tempels, Les Francs-Maçons, 1888. L'intervention de la Franc-Maçonnerie dans la vie politique -John Bartier et Jean Stengers l'ont bien montré -trouve son origine dans l'arrêté du 21 octobre 1854 par lequel le Grand Orient abrogea le célèbre article 135 de ses Statuts et règlements généraux, proscrivant les discussions politiques et rehgieuses en loge'. Ce n'est pas à dire pourtant, que la Maçonnerie s'était jusque-là désintéressée de ces questions: que l'on songe, par exemple, à l'appel lancé aux Maçons bruxellois, en juillet 1836, par Les Amis Philanthropes et Les Vrais Amis de l'Union, en vue de faire prévaloir la liste des candidats qu'ils avaient arrêtée pour les élections communales^. Cependant, même violées, les prescriptions de l'article 135 suscitaient un certain malaise et parfois certaines précautions. Ainsi, lorsqu'on abordait en loge une question par trop politique, il n'était nullement exceptionnel de voir les Frères se dépouiller de leurs décors et s'assembler en réunion profane, afin de sauvegarder les principes^. La Société de l'Alliance même, fondée à l'initiative de Verhaegen en 1841 et qui allait bientôt présider à la constitution du parti libéral, n'avait pas d'autre origine'*. Dindal s'était plaint d'un article paru dans le quotidien bruxellois L'Observateur pour eombattrc sa réélection au Sénat. Mais le Premier Surveillant fit aussitôt observer aux Amis Philanthropes que lorsqu'ils abordaient une question politique, ils avaient coutume «pour ne pas se mettre en opposition avec le règlement, de ne pas se munir de leurs décors et de former une assemblée profane». Cf. E. WITTE & F.

Потребность в использовании «книг для чтения» на уроках основ православного вероучения в воскресных и православных общеобразовательных школах современной России вызвала необходимость обращения автора статьи к историческому опыту. Установлено, что в дореволюционной России перед законоучителями стояли одни и те же вопросы и проблемы отбора книг для детского чтения, которые способствовали бы учащимся уяснить и осмыслить полученные на уроках Закона Божия знания и представление о Боге, вере, Церкви. Также было установлено, что специальных книг для чтения по Закону Божьему издано не было, однако «Указатели» со списками, книгами, предпочтительными для детского и народного чтения. Среди них авторы статей предпочитают труд священника Е. Сосунцова, которая является опытным указателем по списком книг, предназначенных для чтения именно на уроках Закона Божия.

Madách Imre epikus nőábrázolásairól – másodízben = „Hová e gondolatvezér mulatni vissza-visszatér”: Tanulmányok a 70 éves S. Varga Pál köszöntésére, szerk. Bényei Péter, Béres Norbert, Gönczy Monika, Debrecen, Egyetemi kiadó, 2025 (Loci Memoriae Hungaricae, 12), 369–377.

ESP: Este trabajo analiza críticamente la Galería Regional de Palazzo Abatellis en Palermo, centrándose en su arquitectura, evolución histórica y el proyecto de restauración museográfica llevado a cabo por Carlo Scarpa en los años 50. Tras reconstruir la historia del palacio, construido en el siglo XV como residencia privada y posteriormente transformado en convento y museo, se examinan las intervenciones de restauración, con especial atención al enfoque de Scarpa, quien supo combinar la conservación del edificio histórico con soluciones museográficas innovadoras. El documento explora también las principales salas expositivas, su diseño y la interacción entre el espacio arquitectónico y las obras de arte. Finalmente, se abordan los problemas actuales de gestión del museo, destacando las deficiencias en comunicación, servicios al visitante y acceso al patrimonio, y se sugieren estrategias para mejorar su accesibilidad y valorización. El estudio concluye con una reflexión sobre el papel de Palazzo Abatellis en la escena cultural contemporánea y los desafíos futuros para su conservación y promoción.

ITA: Il presente lavoro analizza criticamente la Galería Regional di Palazzo Abatellis a Palermo, con particolare attenzione alla sua architettura, alla sua evoluzione storica e al progetto di restauro museografico realizzato da Carlo Scarpa negli anni '50. Dopo una ricostruzione della storia del palazzo, costruito nel XV secolo come residenza privata e successivamente trasformato in convento e museo, si esaminano gli interventi di restauro, soffermandosi sul contributo di Scarpa, che ha saputo coniugare la conservazione dell’edificio storico con soluzioni museografiche moderne. Il documento esplora inoltre le principali sale espositive, il loro allestimento e la relazione tra lo spazio architettonico e le opere d'arte. Infine, vengono affrontate le problematiche legate alla gestione attuale del museo, evidenziando le criticità relative alla comunicazione, ai servizi per i visitatori e alla fruizione del patrimonio, suggerendo possibili strategie per migliorare l'accessibilità e la valorizzazione della collezione. Il lavoro si conclude con una riflessione sul ruolo di Palazzo Abatellis nella scena culturale contemporanea e sulle sfide future per la sua conservazione e promozione.

Zo zozbieraných zmienok vyplýva, že Ľudovít Štúr v porevolučných rokoch 1853 – 1855 intenzívne pracoval v Modre na dokončení svojho najrozsiah-lejšieho slavistického diela Všeslavianska história. Motivovala ho okrem iného možnosť nového života v Srbskom kniežatstve a získanie prestížneho profesorského miesta na belehradskom lýceu. Toto nové dielo by mu určite pomohlo nielen vo vytúženej pedagogickej práci, ale aj zvýšiť vedecké renomé. V súvislosti s uvedenými srbskými záležitosťami treba pripomenúť aj jeho vôbec poslednú návštevu mimo Modry. Ňou bola audiencia u exilového srbského kniežaťa Mihaila Obrenovića v Ivanke pri Dunaji, ktorú absolvoval v pondelok 17. decembra 1855, krátko pred nešťastným smrteľným poranením. Známe sú ich spoločné kontakty počas revolučného roka 1848, keď knieža odovzdal Štúrovi finančnú podporu a poukaz na zbrane pre prvú septembrovú výpravu slovenských dobrovoľníkov. Tento jeho počin ocenil Štúr krátko po revolúcii aj verejne, ústretovým gestom. Svoje najvýznamnejšie slavistické dielo O národních povesťach a piesňach slovanských, ktoré vyšlo v českom preklade v roku 1853 v Prahe, v originálnom rukopise „v hlbokej úcte posvätil Jeho kniežacej Vysosti Michalovi Obrenovićovi, bývalému vladárovi kniežatstva Srbského“. V českom preklade Kalinčiaka a v konečnej úprave pražského vydavateľa Štúrovo venovanie dostalo takúto podobu: „Jeho knížecí jasnosti Michalu Obrenovići, synovi národa našeho myslí i skutky, v hluboké úctě posvěcuje spisovatel.“  Štúr chcel toto dielo vydať v slovenčine aj vo všetkých hlavných slovanských jazykoch, no vyšlo iba v skrátenej časopiseckej podobe v ruštine a nemčine a v plnom znení jedine v srbskom preklade Jovana Boškoviča v Novom Sade v roku 1857.
Na úplný záver možno na základe uvedených skutočností konštato-vať, že rukopis Štúrovej poslednej práce Všeslavianska história existoval. Potvrdzujú to viaceré svedectvá, z ktorých k najdôležitejším patria spomienky jeho najmladšieho brata Jána Štúra, v tom čase bánovského okres-ného komisára. Na základe toho takisto možno konštatovať, že Ľudovítovu smrť spôsobila naozaj nešťastná náhoda a všetky teórie a dohady o jeho možnej samovražde, prípadne vražde treba jednoznačne vylúčiť. Štúr bol
presvedčený a v tom duchu aj konal, že v Srbskom kniežatstve mu „skvitne nový život“.

The spectre of repeated Israeli violence in Gaza and the West Bank seems to have attained a semblance of normality in the face of world leaders' indifference to the suffering of Palestinians. Like "the humble, half-starved" Oliver Twist in Dickens's novel, Palestinians are "despised by all, and pitied by none" of the global powers.

Réattribution des deux services ‘Maçonniques à fond jaune de Marseille’, à la Veuve PERRIN.
Les deux formes de plats;
_ En grand feu & petit feu sont typiques de la production de La Veuve PERRIN.
Des exemples marqués ont été retrouvés.
Joseph FAUCHIER n’a pas utilisé ces deux types de formes !

This study explores previously unknown aspects of the works of László Szabédi, a Hungarian intellectual and writer, by examining both his published and unpublished theatrical writings, as well as his dramatic works from the 1930s. Initially employed as a literary adviser at the Hungarian Theatre of Cluj, Szabédi reviewed numerous plays submitted for potential staging during the 1935–36 season. Subsequently, in the 1941–42 theatrical season, he assumed the role of the theatre’s official dramaturg. Prior to these appointments, however, he had actively engaged in playwriting, submitting his works to various theatres and theatrical agencies. This study aims to illuminate his dramaturgical practice by analyzing his dramatic texts alongside their theoretical underpinnings, examining his methodologies in adapting to the contextual conditions and artistic criteria necessary for securing stage productions.

A change in the economic thought was already manifested in Western Europe
after the Thirty Years’ War. New streams spread over the entire continent. An
absolutely fundamental transformation occurred in Western Europe at the beginning
of the 18th century. The Wars of Spanish Succession ended then and
the individual states began to devote themselves with greater effort to the building
of a modern economy influenced by mercantilism and physiocratism. It
was precisely under the influence of the second of the mentioned ideas that
the process of the modernization of the agricultural sector was released, which
was first implemented in Western Europe. From there, it spread to Central Europe,
where it gradually emerged from the middle of the 18th century.
The process of modernization naturally did not avoid even the Austrian
lands, which wanted to catch up with Western Europe economically. It therefore
undertook an overall modernization of the economy from the middle of the
18th century, which began with agriculture. The main bearer of modernization
in the Austrian lands was the central government, but the motive was the lost
wars, otherwise it would not have bothered the Habsburgs!
The aim was to change the economic thinking of the populace and the owners
of the estates in the area of agriculture. The government was fully aware that
this change was not possible without effective governmental support. The rural
people would never introduce new modernization elements into the agricultural
area on their own.
Modernization in Austrian Silesia was a long-term process, started by Maria
Theresa, whose aim was a general economic upturn of the primary sector in the
entire Austrian union, including Austrian Silesia. The process itself took place
in 1742–1848 in two stages. The first and most important was realized from
1742 until the beginning of the 19th century, thus to the end of the Napoleonic
wars. It was marked by the introduction of new methodological procedures
for both plant and livestock production. By means of regulations and patents,
the State sought to force the subjects to introduce modernization and far-reaching
changes in agriculture. In this phase, the subjects were directly confronted
with dozens of new governmental regulations, which distinctly intervened
in agriculture which had until them perceived by the subjects as very static.
For instance, the areas of the planting, harvesting or raising of farm animals
were newly modified through the state. The subjects were newly confronted
with the fact that agriculture was no longer their private affair but had become
a public issue. The application of new, suitable methods influenced the entire
246
primary sector of production and through it also other developing branches
of production. However, agriculture continued to maintain primary economic
importance until the end of the 18th century.
The culmination of the above-mentioned efforts can be seen in the establishment
of agricultural companies that the state entrusted with the application
of government regulations. It was precisely these companies that devoted
great attention to general public awareness and the technological advancement
of agriculture. This effort, i.a. also the printing of specialized literature
on the individual themes, did not, however, find a proper response at first. The
societies were also relatively unsuccessful in the motivation of the subjects
competing with financial rewards etc. The government this began to assert its
aims with directives through patents. It is precisely those that are crucial for
knowledge of the fundamental principles of the beginning of agricultural modernization
in Austrian Silesia. Based on their analysis, we can observe the individual
developmental phases of the process. In them the government focused
not only on the new methods of planting, fertilizing, feeding, or breeding and
caring for domestic animals, but also strictly fought against agricultural usury.
It is precisely thanks to these government interventions that the process of modernization
of agriculture progressed rapidly in Austrian Silesia from the mid-
-18th century. This effort for modernization provided its first successes both
from below (the subjects and estates) and above (the government) roughly in
the 1770s, thus at the time of the establishment of agricultural societies. The
change in the existing method of thought was clear in the improvement of plant
breeding or animal husbandry, which had a positive effect on the economic
potential of the entire primary sector.
The first sign of modern agriculture was the stabilization of the primary
sector, which was no longer so prone to crises and managed to cope with the
consequences of natural disasters or war incidents.
The continuation of the rising trend can be seen even after the Napoleonic
wars. The culmination of the initial stages of the modernization process
was 1848, which brought on the one hand the abolition of serfdom and, on
the other hand, created a space for the development of commercially oriented
agriculture.
An important role in this period (1815–1848) was also played by the first
phase of industrialization, which placed entirely new demands on the agricultural
sector in connection with the development of employment in the secondary
sector. The first half of the 19th century is also the period, in which agriculture
begins to lose its privileged economic position and is pushed into the
background by the secondary sector.
247
It is undeniable that agricultural in Austrian Silesia underwent a dynamic modernization
advancement in 1742–1848, in which the sovereign and government
initially played a crucial role. In the first phase, approximately to the
beginning of the 19th century, the fundamental priorities of the modernization
of the agricultural sector were formulated. In the second phase of the modernization both the state or authorities’ employees and the subjects themselves became the initiators of the modernization processes. It is possible to speak of a notional takeover of the initiative by the mass of the populace. That was closely connected also with the emergent industrial revolution in the Ostrava District, which offered Austrian Silesian farmers new sales opportunities. The process of the modernization of agriculture in Austrian Silesia thus
cannot be understood as an isolated phenomenon but must be conceived as a component of the complex change of Western Europe from the middle of the 18th century.

The Sankey Canal was the first industrial canal constructed in England and was opened in 1757. Situated in the industrial hub of the north west of England, it was initially constructed to open up the coal fields of Parr and Haydock for the Liverpool Market, but other industries soon opened up along the canal’s banks, taking advantage of the new waterway transport, which provided a quicker and cheaper means of transportation. By 1830, the first passenger railway was opened from Liverpool to Manchester, and the canal entered a period of competition with the railways. After various extensions and a merger with St. Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway Company, the canal went into a steady decline, finally closing in 1963. This article discusses the canal’s overall decline and neglect after its closure.

a question du cosmopolitisme a récemment retrouvé sa place parmi les questionnements que nous élaborons sur nos sociétés contemporaines avec la prise de conscience, dans la seconde moitié du XX e siècle, des processus, multiples et complexes, de « mondialisation », mot, jusque-là peu utilisé qui a fait son entrée dans le Petit Larousse illustré en 1981. La dimension mondialisée de l'espace où nous vivons, l'accentuation des mobilités, l'interconnexion généralisée des échanges et des communications sont autant de phénomènes qui peuvent permettre de comprendre cet intérêt renouvelé pour le « cosmopolitisme ». Les ouvrages du sociologue allemand Ulrich Beck ont clairement mis en évidence ses liens problématiques avec les interrogations que soulève la mondialisation 2 , au moment même où des philosophes du politique comme Olivier Remaud analysent les contradictions qui sous-tendent « l'expérience ordinaire du cosmopolite » 3 .

Chronique familiale de ;
Jean François OLLIVIER, & de Joseph TASSY faïenciers, qui travailleront chez Antoine CLERISSY, à Marseille quartier de la Joliette, vers 1727.
Jean François OLIVIER peintre à Moustiers, Maître faïencier à Gardanne chez Pierre GUEYDAN  et faïencier à Marseille chez Antoine CLERISSY & sa fille Anne.
Joseph TAXIL (TASSY) fils d’Antoine TAXIL  faïenciers, à Saint jean du Désert puis chez Antoine CLERISSY.

Destinada esta obra á tratar principalmente del origen y desarrollo de la francmasonería en España, no es posible hacer caso omiso de otras sociedades ó reuniones análogas que la precedieron, siquiera no encontremos en estas el origen de aquella, sino solamente meras afinida- des. Pero como las historias particulares de cada socie- dad se deben escribir correlativamente á la historia gene- ral , por ese motivo no es posible prescindir aqui de cier- tas cuestiones enlazadas con el origen de la francmasonería, que se debaten mucho <?n el extranjero al tratar esta Digitized by Google (I) «l.n poMcrion de esta ciudad era pando y habin en olla muchos cristianos y judias muy ricos, gentes , aumjiie cometidas, enemigas de los muslimes.» Conde, tomo l.", pag. 273,cap iü. No teniendo patria, y viendo su nación dispersa, pre- cisamente había de surgir en ellos la idea del cosmopolitismo, tan acariciada hoy por la francmasonería, y que viene á matar las dulces aspiraciones del patriotismo, sustituidas por una idea fantástica y de realización qui- mérica. §. ni. . Los albigenses on España/, «us maquinaciones religiosas y políticas. A finos del siglo XII y durante la primera mitad del XIII reaparece el Priscilianismo en España, como en el siglo IV, y viniendo también de Francia y de los mismos paises que entonces lo abortaron. Aparece también, como entonces, con su carácter sectario y fanático, sus milagros fingidos, su hipocresía, su ódio al catolicismo y sus reuniones misteriosas, siquiera en el siglo XIII estas tuviesen un carácter de crueldad mas bien que de sensualidad; aunque en los sectarios, á veces, la crueldad produzca algo de lubricidad, por cierto fenómeno fisioló- gico, no bien explicado, aunque si reconocido en los hombres á quienes la inmoralidad llega á saciar hasta el punto de no bastarles placeres comunes, y necesitar de otros mas fuertes y extravagantes, que exciten su sensualidad embotada por el exceso y la saciedad misma. Ya en el siglo VII (Octubre de 1174) el rey D. Alonso de Aragón (4) dió un edicto contra los waMonsos ó ;>o- (1) Yillamjlya, Viaje literario, tomo 19, pág. 171. Digitized by Google bres de León, que infestaban sus estados de Francia y Cataluña y habían sido condenados en el Concilio III de Lctran, aíío de 1170. La condenación se hizo á osci- tación del Arzobispo de Tarragona D. Raimundo de Gas- te] ltersol, lo cual indica que aquella secta habia penetra- do hasta la parte meridional de Cataluña. A pesar de eso continuó propagándose por aquellas regiones, y aun penetró enJa parte septentrional de Valencia, de modo que fué preciso que el Papa Gregorio IX, entrado ya el siglo XI II /mandase establecer allí la Inquisición contra aquellos hereges. Favorecidas y fomentadas por los per- versos Condes de Foix y otros señores, seguia aun esta secta en Cataluña hacia el año 1257, pero de sus escesos nos quedan escasas noticias. En 1220 el Arzobispo de Tarragona premiaba á los Cartujos por su celo contra los hereges, y, en 1257 (1 ) el metropolitano de Tarragona, Rocaberti, pasó á Berga, donde dió sentencia contra ciento setenta y ocho acusados de heregia. Como la predominante entonces, sobre todo en Francia y en aquel pais, era la de los albigenses y waldenses, puede conjeturarse que pertenecian á esa secta los condenados en tan considerable número. En cambio tenemos muchas noticias de las infamias de aquellos sectarios en Castilla. Al venir S. Fernando á Toledo, el año 1223, dice un Cronicón Toledano, «enforcó muchos ornes é coció muchos en calderas (2).» ¿I labia penetrado ya la heregia hasta el interior de España, y eran aquellos criminales los sediciosos albi- genses? (1 ) Yillanceva, tomo 19, apend. 42, copia una donación á los Cartujos de Escala- Dei, por lo que habían trabajado contra los hereges y para la reforma de costumbres. No deben coulundirse los waldenses con los albigenses, pero aqui no hace íalta c| deslindar sus respectivos errores. (2) Anai.es Toledanos, tomo 23 «le la Ksp. Sai/rada, pág. <¿08 de la 2. a edición. Oportunamente nota Florez que este castigo lo usaba ya su padre I). Alonso, pues el Tudense dice, que castigaba á los malhechores con horribles penas. Mios caldariis deco- ijucbuí, (dios vivos exvuriabut . En las Meditaciones del P. Natal sobre el Evangelio, ' se vé también disfrazado de este modo al espíritu malig- no, y esto en una obra de un jesuíta virtuoso y coetáneo de San Ignacio. El libro satírico titulado Navis stultife- ra, obra del siglo XVI, ilustrada con grabados satíricos y caricaturas, abunda no poco en este género. \ Digitized by Google » Estos son los Conceios que son en esta hermandat.