تنظيم قطاع الاتصالات في الأردن

The telecommunications, broadcasting and Information Technology is converging. In Malaysia, their convergence is also witnessed in its regulation, the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. One area that the Act addressed and introduced into Malaysia is competition regulation. Under the Act, Part VI Economic Regulation regulates 3 competition related areas. These 3 areas are licensing, general competition provisions and access to services. The aim of this paper is to examine these 3 areas by stating what they provide and whether the provisions meet the objective of the Economic Regulation to “promote competition.”

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

The field of electronic communications for the importance of the everyday life, and the impact that reflects the economic development, it is considered important, so that the approach to electronic communications services has found attention from state structures in each country, consequently in Albania. Its electronic communications market operates on the basis of a special material law, under the supervision and continuous monitoring of the regulatory entity (AEPC), who fulfills his regulatory mission through ex-ante intervention in the market, as well as attention and legal responsibility over those of the Competition Authority which extend its effects through ex post interventions. The structure of the market for the (number and dimensions of the players) in order to successfully fulfill the regulatory mission it should not be a political objective, but to be finalized in concrete results. Political objectives focused on innovation and technological innovation, to increase inves...

… Commission, Washington, DC Available at http://web. …, 2005

2011

Holding the news media accountable has traditionally been a task of the state in Jordan. Media laws and regulations are numerous and do not leave too much space for self-regulatory practices on a national basis. The Jordan Press Association (JPA) is the core of so-called established media accountability institutions. It conducted a law-like code of ethics in 2003 and runs ombuds committees (currently three) dealing with mishaps of the media to prevent journalists from legal liability. Though being a professional body, many journalists perceive the JPA as an extended arm of the government. Until 2010 the association was not prepared to deal with private broadcasting and online journalists in the same way as it does with press and state owned media journalists. Most media outlets in Jordan are characterised by a lack of accountability awareness and practices especially when it comes to actor and production transparency. Only recently have some news organisations (mainly net-native) become aware of their duty to be accountable towards their audiences. New comers to the field of online news, in particular, have experimented with citizens' involvement and have established a high level of responsiveness in their newsrooms. Online versions of the traditional news media have not yet caught up with this development but will be most probably forced to do so for economic reasons. Apart from economic strategies to better involve audiences, another driving force for media accountability practices in Jordan is the lack of media legitimacy mainly rooted in distrusting the media's independence from the state. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) point towards contempt of press freedom (e.g. Center for Defending Freedom of Journalists), lack of citizen concerned topics (e.g. AmmanNet, 7iber.com) and professional behaviour (e.g. Eye on the Media), or try to deepen the knowledge about the functioning of media (e.g.sahafi.jo). Blogs and social media play only a minor role because media criticism mainly gets louder when wellharboured taboos are tackled. Yet, blogs and social media might become the place to initiate discussion or to negotiate professional rules in the future of a fast changing media field.

2016

The Palestinian Telecommunications Sector Assessment Note assesses the performance of the telecommunications sector in the Palestinian territories, identifies specific issues, and makes recommendations for further development and reform. The note specifically discusses the evolution of the issues and of the telecom market. The note focuses on telecommunications infrastructure, touching upon broadcasting (radio and television) issues, to the extent necessary to discuss radio-magnetic spectrum and other infrastructure related matters. The first section deals with the assessment of the telecommunications sector, in terms of physical indicators, infrastructure, investment, prices and services. The Palestinian sector is assessed both in historical perspective, and in relation with regional and global benchmarks. A second section of the report illustrates the main issues identified by the stakeholders. Finally, the last section of the report proposes key recommendations for further sector...

International Journal of Communication, 2018

Eleven Arab countries have embarked on the process of creating broadcast regulators. This article investigates the general context for their creation, examines their internal organization to evaluate their independence from state control, and analyzes relevant media legislation to assess the extent of political interference with media contents. The article uses normative theory based on international norms as articulated in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to determine whether Arab broadcast media regulation is congruent with international norms. The study questions whether the regulatory bodies are genuine media reforms meant to liberalize the broadcast sector or pseudoreforms meant to allow the Arab states indirect but total control over broadcasting. The study found that the broadcast reforms are part of what Heydemann calls “authoritarian upgrading.” Arab regimes control media content through repressive laws outside the realm of internation...

Public Service Media Initiatives in the Global South, 2016

As in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, public service broadcasting (PSB) in Morocco suffers from the existence of authoritarian forms of governance that hinders PSB performance. Technology is also a factor. TV and radio stations still rely on analog terrestrial and digital satellite broadcasting and their online presence are extensions of their analog versions, rather than new digital multiplatform distribution systems. In Morocco, the wave of political liberalization and democratization that marked the second half of the 1990s resulted in major media reforms especially in the broadcasting sector. The High Authority for Audiovisual Communication was created in 2002 as an independent public institution to establish the legal framework for the liberalization of the audiovisual sector and to oversee the PSB sector in the country. The paper analyzes the legal environment to assess the extent to which PSB is safeguarded from political influence. The study found that the overall non-democratic cultures within Morocco and the countries of the MENA region are the main determinants of performance. In some MENA countries, the legal framework and the institutional structure were created to provide the conditions for public service to materialize. PSB performance in this region remains weak, however. The study argues that unless there is political will at the highest level, a public service system will be nothing more than a pseudo 'public' system bouncing back and forth between milder and stronger forms of authoritarianism.

Telematics and Informatics, 1998

The telecommunications in Pakistan is currently going through a period of transition as technological advances and liberalization of the industry move the industry into position to compete in an increasingly competitive world and regional environment. This paper surveys these developments with emphasis on the policies initiated by the government in recent years. In particular, attention is given to identifying the main patterns of growth in the telecommunications sector, and in assessing the manner in which these patterns have been aected by government policy. This paper concludes with speculation as to the impact current and future technological advances will have on the sector, with an appraisal made of the likely direction of future public policy. #

A dissertation submitted for the degree of dr.oecon.

NATIONAL COMMUNICATION AND HOW THEIR REGULATORY SYSTEMS WORKS IN MONITORING THE QUALITY SERVICE DELIVERY TOWARDS CUSTOMER SATIFACTION

Indonesia’s 2002 Broadcasting Law and 1996 Telecommunication Law are insufficient to regulate the changing business models and technical capabilities that are enabling media convergence. This qualitative study seeks to understand how and what way broadcasting and telecommunication governance in Indonesia is shifting toward media convergence. It uses a new institutionalist approach, based on interviews with six senior officials of Kominfo (the executive), the DPR (the legislative), and two independent regulatory bodies BRTI and KPI. The findings identify dissent between Kominfo and KPI-DPR in revisions of the Broadcasting Law, particularly the provision of KPI’s role in broadcasting policy-making and also the provision of digitalisation in broadcasting. A “digital switchover” for free-to-air TV is targeted for 2018, but is challenged with the inadequacy of the current broadcasting law to legalise the multiplexing system for free-to-air TV stations. Addressing this will be critical, as the migration will create a “digital dividend” of licensable spectrum which allow the adaptation of LTE/4G technology for telecommunications. The study identifies the biggest challenge for the government in the revision of 1996 Telecommunication Law, which will be necessary to transform the traditional broadcasting and telecommunication industries to digital ones, by facilitating interconnection along the value chain of the telecommunication industry, and to enable digital infrastructures and networks as foundation of the convergence ecosystem.

Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism, 2011

Because of important role of media in shaping public opinion in modern societies, it seems necessary to develop long-term policies in order to steer the media towards a great level. Despite its importance, there have been no effort for shaping the media policy, and most publications just consist of explanation of governments' performance in media field. In the present study, attempts were to achieve the desired model for policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) [1] by explanation the necessity and challenges in front of this media. We use literature to find the factors affecting the media policy also achieve lots of information during the interview process. The research method used in this study is the data-oriented theory (grounded theory) which has been made through profound interviews with 12 experts in the field of media as well as senior managers of IRIB and academic experts. The sampling has been carried out through the Snowball method and the interviews' results have been put in the paradigm model format after the coding phase and then the optimal policy-making model has been shaped for IRIB. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism J o u rn al of M a s s C o m munic a ti o n & Jo urna lis m

A report on the May 2015 IPI press freedom mission to Jordan.

2008

's most populous nation, commenced deregulation of its communication sector in the early 1990s. The then military regime enacted legislation that established regulatory agencies named National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) and Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) to deregulate the broadcasting and telecommunications sector respectively. Until this development, telephony was the exclusive monopoly of the federal government and the federal and state governments exclusively monopolized broadcasting. The first licensed private communications providers commenced operations in 1994. About a decade after commencing the regulatory reforms, i.e. by the end of 2003, there is significant change in the Nigerian communications sector including over 100 percent increase in the number of broadcast stations and over 400 percent increase in the teledensity of the country. This study, adopting communication regulations theories and the ITU Guidelines for establishing communications regulatory agencies as analytical framework, examined the regulatory policy reform that is credited with these significant changes in the Nigerian communications sector. The study found that both public and private interests, bureaucratic elements, as well as local and global factors influenced the regulatory policy reforms in Nigeria's communications sector in the last decade.

European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 2016

The key factors for the development of the electronic communication market include partial liberalization; full, direct, or indirect investments; and competitive regulation based on transparency and non-discrimination. They are used efficiently in preventing anti-competitive practices through the use of appropriate basic instruments of transparency and non-discrimination. They are used in the proper selection of the "best practice" design and implementation of primary and secondary laws. It is an efficient regulatory framework; it creates adequate space; and they are together considered necessary in influencing the positive development of the electronic communication sector. Proper selection of the "innovative dilemma" that comes from the "technology push" in the sector and harmonization of the time required between the necessary innovation and investment, determines the quality of products/services for the sector tomorrow and its internal markets. At the same time, it determines the eligibility of the request-offer and their quality. The close connection between innovation and entrepreneurship as well as the proper implementation through investments is made tangible and measurable to the quality, price, and their persistence. When these factors are considered in harmony, it will ultimately result in effective competition in the sector. Also, their values are identified by the maximization of social welfare to increased consumer benefits.